1) .
2) - ? , .
3) , .
4) ? , , .
5) , .
6) .
7) , , .
8) ?
9) ?
10) .
11) , , (whatever we liked).
12) , .
III. must
) , , . , , . must , , , .
| My dog must go for a walk every day. | . ( .) |
Must , :
| In the case of emergency a laboratory assistant must immediately call a head of the laboratory to report about the situation. | . |
) . Perfect Infinitive must :
| Whatever his political opinions he must help us. | , . |
| Tom must be a very good musician. | , , . |
| Caroline must have arrived before us. | , , . |
must (mustnt), can-cant.
| The petrol tank cant be empty I filled it up this morning. | ( ) , . |
must , :
| You mustnt bring dogs into the resaturant. | . |
must , , must,
need (neednt), , .
| - Must I do this exercise? - No, you neednt. | - ? - , . |
must , .. .
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must
- to have to to have got to, , , must , . to have to must , , to have got to :
| You must help your friend. You have (have got) to help your friend. | . |
| You had to help your friend. | . |
| You will have to help your friend. | ( , ) . |
to have to , , , , , , - , , , , .. do/does, did, will:
| Present | I (we, you, they) have to get up early. He (she, it) has to work hard. | I (we, you, they) dont have to get up early. He (she, it) doesnt have to work hard. | Do you (I we, they) have to get up early? Yes, I do. - No you dont. Does he (she, it) have to work hard? - Yes, he does. - No, she doesntt. |
| Past | I (we, you, they, he, she, it) had to get up early. | I (we, you, they, he, she, it) didnt have to get up early. | Did I (we, you, they, he, she, it) have to get up early? Yes, I did. No, he didnt. |
| Future | I (we, you, they, he, she, it) will have to get up early. | I (we, you, they, he, she, it) will not (wont) have to get up early. | Will I (we, you, they, he, she, it) have to get up early? Yes, I will. - No, he wont |
- to be (to), , , , , ..:
| You are to be back by three o'clock. | . |
to be (to) must . , .
| must bring this book. | . |
| is to bring this book. | (.. ). |
| We were to ring him up. | (.. , ). |
- to be obliged (to), must ; :
| was obliged to be on duty yesterday. | . |
| We were obliged to do these exercises. | . |
| He will be obliged to be on duty tomorrow. | . |
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IV. need to, have to , . , .
need, . . :
| We need to talk of this no more. | . |
need (to) to do , to, to do , to, not need, to:
| Do we need to answer this letter? | ? |
| You need not answer this letter. You do not need to answer this letter. | . |
, , , . .
Do you want to cycle to school?
If you do, you must get a safety certificate, and you can only get one from the free training course we run every Thursday afternoon after school.
Even if you havent got a bike, you can come along and get your certificate using one of our bikes.
You must have a helmet (), and you have to wear it!
You need to have a bicycle lock (), and you must remeber to lock your bicycle securely outside the school.
You must not leave your bicycle by the fence (). Always put it in the bicycle sheds ().
You must always use lights at the front and back of your bike when you are cycling at night, and remeber never ride on the pavement ()!
:
If you want to cycle to school, you must / need have a safety certificate.
1) You mustnt / have got to do the training course to get a certificate.
2) The children dont have to / must have a bicycle to do the training course.
3) Children must / need wear helmets when they ride bicycles.
4) Bicycles must / need be locked securely when left outside the school.
5) You mustnt / dont have to leave your bike by the fence.
6) If you have got a bike, you have got / need to know the Highway Code ( ).
7) You must / neednt use the cycle lane ( ) on busy roads.
8) You dont have to / mustnt pay anything for the course!
9) They neednt / mustnt ride on the pavement.
10) You ve got to / neednt have lights on your bike when you cycle at night.
, . , , , . , . , .
: The instructions say, Mark the position of the screws (). (have got to)
You ve got to mark the position of the screws.
1) The instructions say, Lay out the pieces on the floor. (have to)
You _____________________________________________.
2) It is important that we check that all pieces are there. (must)
We ___________________________________________.
3) The instructions say, Start with sections 1, 2 and 3. (have to)
You _________________________________________.
4) Dont glue () the pieces together before you are sure that they are in the right position. (must not)
You ________________________________________.
5) Its impossible to make the desk without having another person to help you. (need)
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You ________________________________________.
6) It is necessary to hold the glued pieces together for 30 seconds. (need)
You _______________________________________.
7) Do the instructions say I must put the section here? (have to)
Do I _____________________________________?
8) Is it necessary to glue the back on beofre the front? (have to)
Do you _________________________________?
9) Theres a piece missing! Must I phone the manufacturer and complain ()? (have to)
Do _____________________________________?
10) Having a cup of tea will help us to work better! (need)
We __________________________________.
.
1) I have to stop smoking because my girlfriend doesn't like it.
2) We must pay in advance.
3) John has to go to the college on Saturdays.
4) They are to go to London for a meeting.
5) In the following few years engineers were to develop much more powerful computers.
6) Marie Curie had to examine a lot of minerals to find a new element.
7) You will have to log in () for entering the system.
8) My friend was to take exams in December.
16. , to be (to), to have to.
1) I am sure the guests will arrive at 8 oclock. They promised to come.
2) They are obliged to put on helmets () at work.
3) According to the plan Professor Brown was going to take part in the conference.
4) We were obliged to wear uniform at school.
5) The manager told you to wait here until he arrives.
6) The trains will arrive tomorrow at 5. I saw the train schedule.
7) My teacher had told me to prepare a report thats why I went to the library yesterday.
8) It is raining. So my sister will clean her shoes when she comes.
9) Do you know the timetable? When will the lecture begin?
10) As he had got a bad mark he rewrote his paper.
17. , must, need, to be (to), to have to.
1) .
2) : .
3) , (to faint) .
4) 9 , .
5) ? , . .
6) . , , .
7) .
8) (to lean out of) .
9) , .
10) , .
11) ? , , .
12) : .
V. should ought to , , , . , . should ought to. , should:
| We should/ ought to write a thank-you letter. | . |
| Jerry shouldnt eatso much sugar.. | . |
| The instructions should be written in clear language. | ( ) . |
| ShouldPaul book the restaurant? | ? |
should ought
|
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, , , , :
| Tom should have left for work by now. | , , . |
| ought to have done this work. | . |
, , . . , , , .
: dangerous chemicals / she keep / out of reach of / should / children /
She should keep dangerous chemicals out of reach of children.
1) ought / store / sharp knives safely / she / to
2) leave / shouldnt /electric cables hanging down / she /
3) hot pan handles ( , )/ she / ought / away from the edge of the cooker / to keep /
4) she / shouldn/t / on / let / children climb / the kitchen furniture /
5) on / allow / she / the kitchen surfaces / ought not / animals / to /
6) the ironing board ( ) / on / she / shouldnt / a hot iron / leave /
7) ought not / too many plugs ( ) / she / put in one socket () / to /
8) on / put / child locks (, )/ ought to / the cupboard doors / she /
9) clean up / should / on the floor / she / anything split /
10) she / her kitchen / clean and tidy / keep / should /
