Вариант 1
1. A: Did you have a good evening?
B: Yes, thank you. We (go) to see a play.
2. A: Cats (wash) themselves.
B: I know. They are very clean animals.
3 A: Why are you so dirty?
B: I (work) in the garden all morning.
4 A: I want to phone Jane.
B: Well, don't phone her now. She (study).
5 A: You look busy.
B: lam. I (write) a letter to my brother.
6 A: I would like a new bicycle.
B: Me too. My parents (buy) me one for Christmas.
7 A: What time are the guests arriving?
B: They (be) here in ten minutes.
8 A: Are you excited about your trip?
B: Yes. This time next week, I (sail) across the Atlantic.
9 A: I'm going to the supermarket.
B: You'd better be quick, then. It (close) at eight o'clock.
10 A: You sounded tired when I spoke to you last night.
B: Well, I (paint) the house all day.
11 A: What (you/do) when I called?
B: I (water) the plants.
12. A: Have you sent those letters yet?
B: Yes. I (post) them yesterday.
13. A: Are there any biscuits left?
B: No, sorry. I (eat) them all.
14. A: Why was Julie crying this morning?
B: Because she (hurt) her leg.
15. A: Paul is going to collect us at ten o'clock.
B: Yes. By the time he arrives, we (have) breakfast.
16. A: Do you enjoy playing tennis?
B: Oh, yes. I (play) since I was six years old.
17 A: Have you been working here long?
B: Yes. By next June, I (work) here for ten years.
18 A: It's nine o'clock.
B: Yes. The postman (deliver) Mum's parcel by now.
19 A: I liked your speech.
B: Thank you. I (practise) for hours before I made it.
20 A: Did Martin help you clean the house yesterday?
B: No. By the time he got up, I (do) everything
Вариант 2
1. She (to learn) French for five years before she could speak fluently.
2. He (to repair) his car now. I guess he (to do) this since the very morning.
3. The students (to read) up for their exams for more than three hours by the time we join them.
4. Since when you (to sit) here? How long you (to write)? - I (to wait) for you since the lessons were finished.
5. Mike (to work) in the insurance company. Next month he (to work) there for half a year.
6. She (to walk) in the park since morning. It's time to have dinner, but she (not to come) yet.
7. I (to save) money for 2 years already. By next winter I (to have) the necessary sum of money.
8. How long you (to know) this girl? - I (to know) her since school.
9. They (to experiment) for a year before they achieved some promising results.
10. What's the weather like in Murmansk now? - It (to snow) heavily. It (to snow) since Monday.
11. Jim (to study) history. Next year he (to study) history for five years.
12. What you (to do) the whole evening yesterday? – I (to prepare) for exam. I (to prepare) for it for two hours when you called.
3. Переведите на английский язык.
1. Сейчас идёт дождь? - Да. Дождь идёт с самого утра.
2. Почему ты не пришёл вчера? Я прождала тебя минут сорок, прежде чем решила уйти.
3. Босс уже уехал в Москву? Как давно он там? - Он в Москве уже неделю.
4. Через месяц будет уже год, как мы работаем над новым проектом.
5. Иван читает английские книги с тех пор, как закончил школу. К двадцати годам он прочитал много книг, теперь он хорошо говорит по-английски.
6. Что вы здесь делаете? - Жду мистера Смита. Вы давно его ждёте? - Я только что пришёл.
7. Где вы живёте? - Мы живём в Мурманске. Когда вы приехали в Мурманск? – Мы приехали в 1985 году и с тех пор здесь живём.
8. Твой брат уже прочитал мою книгу? - Нет. Он читает её уже неделю, но прочитал только двадцать страниц.
9. Где живёт Майк? - Он живёт в Лондоне. В следующем году будет восемь лет, как он там живёт.
10. Когда я зашёл в офис, мистер Джонс просматривал электронную почту.
11. Через несколько минут будет два часа, как студенты пишут сочинение.
12. Ты не видела мой учебник по истории? Я ищу его уже целый вечер.
Passive Voice
Страдательный залог
• Залог (Voice) - это форма глагола, которая показывает, является ли предмет или лицо исполнителем действия или же они испытывают на себе действие, выраженное глаголом. В английском языке существует два залога - активный и пассивный.
• Активный (действительный) залог (Active Voice) показывает, что лицо или предмет, выраженный под лежащим предложения, является исполнителем действия, которое выражено сказуемым.
She is listening to her favourite song.
My parents travel a lot.
We didn't catch any fish yesterday.
• Пассивный (страдательный) залог (Passive Voice) широко употребляется в современном английском языке. Как правило, пассивные конструкции используются, если нет необходимости называть исполнителя действия, который подразумевается из контекста или же ясен из той или иной ситуации.
Her two brothers were killed in the war.
The letter has been sent this morning.
Форма пассивного залога в английском языке образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола be в нужной форме и причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола:
the Present Simple - is (am, are) done
the Past Simple - was (were) done
the Future Simple - will (shall) be done
the Present Perfect - has (have) been- done
the Past Perfect - had been done
the Future Perfect - will (shall) have been done
the Future in the Past - would be done
the Present Progressive - is (tan, are) being done
the Past Progressive - was (were) being done
В пассивном залоге не употребляются такие сложные времена, как Future Progressive, Future Progressive in the Past и все формы Perfect Progressive.
В вопросительных предложениях первый вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим.
Was it done? When was it done?
How has the work been done?
Who will the work be done by?
В отрицательных предложениях отрицательная частица not стоит после первого вспомогательного глагола.
The work was not done yesterday.
The fax has not been sent.
The fax won't be sent today.
The question is not being discussed now.
• Пассивный залог в английском языке употребляется, как правило, с переходными глаголами, то есть с глаголами, которые имеют после себя дополнение:
1. Ряд английских глаголов может иметь два дополнения - прямое и косвенное. Наиболее употребительными из них являются: to tell, to give, to offer, to show, to pay, to promise, to send, to teach, to allow, to ash, to answer, to forgive, to invite, to advise. Такие глаголы образуют двойные конструкции в пассивном залоге. A very good job was offered to me. = I was offered a very good job. He was promised a raise in the salary. = A raise in the salary was promised to him.
2. Большое число глаголов в английском языке употребляется с дополнением, имеющим предлог. В таких случаях предлог занимает место после глагола в пассивном залоге.
Active: We sent for the doctor. - Passive: The doctor was sent for.
This film is much spoken about. – Об этом фильме много говорят.
The books were looked for everywhere, but weren't found. – Книги искали повсюду, но не нашли.
You are being made fun of. – Над тобой подсмеиваются.
Why is he always laughed at? – Почему над ним всегда смеются?
This dictionary is often referred to. – На этот словарь часто ссылаются.
Запомните!
look at - смотреть (на)
look for - искать
look after - ухаживать, присматривать
look through - просматривать
listen to - слушать
speak about - говорить (о)
take care of - заботиться
pay attention to - обращать внимание (на)
rely on - полагаться, рассчитывать (на)
3. Глаголы to explain (something to somebody), to point out, to announce, to dictate, to describe, to mention, to repeat, to suggest, to propose могут образовывать только одну пассивную конструкцию.
The decision was announced to us.
The difficulty was explained to her.
A new plan was suggested to us.
• Глаголы to read, to sell, to wash, to clean, topeel, to crease, to break, to deform, to wear, to burn употребляются в форме активного залога, хотя и имеют пассивное значение.
This dress washes and wears well and doesn't crease.
Love stories sell well. Dry leaves burn well.
Такие глаголы, как to have, to chance, to happen, to seem, to appear, to lack, to become, to fit, to suit, to resemble не употребляются в пассивном залоге, так как они обозначают не действие (или процесс), а состояние лица или предмета.
This house lacks a big kitchen.
John resembles his father.
He has become a real professional.
С пассивными конструкциями часто употребляются предлоги of, from, with, by.
I was interrupted by a loud knock on the door.
He was shot with a gun.
My country house is made of wood.
This pie is made from eggs, milk and flour.
Indefinite Passive
Страдательный залог времён группы Indefinite образуется:
to be + Participle II смыслового глагола
Глагол to be является вспомогательным и изменяется по временам, лицам и числам:
| Present Indefinite Passive | am, is, are + Participle II |
| Past Indefinite Passive | was, were + Participle II |
| Future Indefinite Passive | shall be, will be + Participle II |
Глагол в Passive Voice на русский язык переводится:
1. глаголом «быть» + краткая форма причастия страдательного залога (в настоящем времени глагол «быть» не переводится):
The letter was sent yesterday. Письмо было послано вчера.
2. глаголом с частицей - ся (-сь):
This problem was discussed last week. Эта проблема обсуждалась на прошлой неделе.
3. неопределенно-личным оборотом, т.е. глаголом в действительном залоге 3 лица множественного числа, типа «говорят», «сказали»:
English is spoken in many countries. На английском языке говорят во многих странах.
4. глаголом в действительном залоге (при наличии исполнителя действия):
The case was considered by the city court last week.
Дело рассмотрел городской суд на прошлой неделе.
или:
Дело было рассмотрено городским судом на прошлой неделе.
Отрицательное предложение
Spanish isn’t taught at our university. В нашем университете не преподают испанский язык.
The students weren’t asked at the last lesson. Студентов не спрашивали на прошлом занятии.
Our colleague won’t be sent abroad. Нашего коллегу не отправят за границу.
Вопросительное предложение
1. Общий вопрос:
Is German taught at your university? Will she be sent abroad?
2. Специальный вопрос:
When was this letter sent? Who was this letter written by?
3. Вопрос к подлежащему:
Who was asked at the last lesson? How many letters were sent yesterday?
4. Альтернативный вопрос:
Was this letter sent yesterday or the day before yesterday?
5. Разделительный вопрос:
The students are usually given the textbooks, aren’t they?
She was told to leave, wasn’t she?
This film won’t be shown on TV, will it?
6. Отрицательный вопрос:
Weren’t you asked to tell the truth? Isn’t she paid for this work?
Примечание. Предлог by употребляется перед дополнением, если речь идёт о лице или предмете, совершившем действие. Предлог with ставится перед словом, обозначающим орудие или инструмент, посредством которого совершено действие:
The word was written on the blackboard by the teacher. Слово было написано учителем на доске.
The letter was written with a pencil. Письмо было написано карандашом.
При образовании вопросительного предложения не забудьте использовать предлог в конце предложения: Who was the word written by? What was the letter written with?
Exercises
1. Назовите третью форму следующих неправильных глаголов, переведите глаголы на русский язык.
To write, to give, to become, to find, to teach, to hear, to see, to speak, to read, to send, to take, to think, to know, to learn, to eat, to leave, to get, to go, to show, to make
2. Переведите на английский язык, обращая внимание на использование страдательного залога.
1. Pictures are usually looked at from a distance. 2. The child is very well looked after. 3. Some years ago the book was much spoken of/about. 4. I think this film will be spoken of/about. 5. Where are the flowers I wonder? They were sent for 2 hours ago! 6. The test must be written without a dictionary. 7. The article was referred to in some reports at the conference. 8. He never broke a promise in his life, he can always be relied on. 9. The date of the meeting will be agreed upon later. 10. Her textbook is highly spoken of.
3. Поставьте глаголы из скобок в подходящую форму: Present, Past or Future Indefinite Passive.
1. Tea (grow) in China and India.
2. Gravity (discover) by Isaac Newton.
3. Exams usually (take) at the end of each term.
4. Test (write) at the next lesson.
5. St. Paul’s Cathedral (design) by Sir Christopher Wren.
6. New theory (prove) several days ago.
7. Garlic (use) widely as a medicine.
8. She (send) abroad next month.
9. Bills usually (pay) once a month.
10. Sooner or later this plan (agree) upon.
4. Замените в предложениях действительный залог на страдательный.
Example 1: People speak English all over the world. – English is spoken by people all over the world.
Example 2: Beethoven composed this piece. – This piece was composed by Beethoven.
Example 3: They will send for a doctor immediately. – A doctor will be sent for by them immediately.
1. They teach different technical subjects at our university.
2. My parents gave a party in his honour.
3. She will show her new flat tomorrow.
4. The children always listen to his stories with great pleasure.
5. My friend will tell you the news later.
6. He didn’t take any notice of her.
7. Students write examination-papers at the end of the term.
8. All people laughed at him.
9. They make progress every day in the world of science.
10. The teacher won’t ask me at the next lesson.
11. The teacher didn’t allow the students to use a dictionary.
12. Did he speak about the trip last night?
13. When do you usually take examinations?
5. Замените страдательный залог на действительный, в некоторых предложениях вводя подлежащее (смотри второй пример).
1. The books were taken by John. John took the books.
2. The boxes were mailed yesterday. He mailed the boxes yesterday.
3. The two packages were opened by my secretary.
4. Our homework is corrected by our teacher.
5. Your textbook was found the day before yesterday.
6. That room wasn't cleaned carefully yesterday.
7. The test will be written by the students tomorrow.
8. Was that machine checked by the inspector?
9. Will that report be written by the same committee?
10. The mail is delivered to this office twice a day.
11. All of us were surprised by his frank attitude.
12. Was the repair work done by that mechanic?
13. He wasn't very much respected by the employees.
14. Grammar is always paid much attention to.
6. Задайте вопрос к каждому предложению, начиная со слова в скобках.
1. Our university was founded in 1950. (When)
2. He will be asked at the next lesson, because he missed all the lectures. (Why)
3. Each faculty is headed by a dean. (Who)
4. Different technical subjects are taught at our university. (What)
5. Your article will be published next week. (When)
6. Fifty students were admitted to the faculty last August. (How many)
7. Tickets to the theatre are usually booked in advance. (How)
8. My documents are kept in the safe. (Whose)
9. Special attention was paid to this phenomenon. (What)
10. Your children will be taken care of in our camp. (Where)
7. Переведите на английский язык, используя страдательный залог.
1. Студентам дали задание перевести текст на английский язык.
2. Эти учебники обычно берут в библиотеке.
3. Когда был основан наш университет?
4. На работу этого студента обратили внимание.
5. Кого пригласят на международную конференцию?
6. Данные предметы не будут включены в программу второго курса.
7. Когда было завершено строительство моста?
8. Эти тексты были просмотрены на прошлом занятии.
9. Все возможные методы работы используются нашими инженерами.
10. За цветами обычно ухаживает моя бабушка.
11. Когда будет продана ваша квартира?
12. Я точно помню, что деньги хранили в этом ящике.
13. Мистер Джонс – известный математик. На его учебники часто ссылаются.
Continuous Passive
Страдательный залог времён группы Continuousобразуется:
to be (в Present или Past Continuous) + Participle II смыслового глагола
| Present Continuous Passive | am being, are being, is being + Participle II |
| Past Continuous Passive | was being, were being + Participle II |
The documents are being typed at the moment.
are being typed – Present Continuous Passive
Документы печатают в данный момент.
These problems were being discussed by scientists for many months.
were being discussed — Past Continuous Passive
Эти проблемы обсуждались учёнымив течение многих месяцев.
Формы Future Continuous в Passive Voice нет, вместо нее употребляется Future Indefinite Passive.
Времена Present и Past Continuous в Passive Voice употребляются в тех же случаях, что и в Active Voice.
Exercises
1. Замените в предложениях действительный залог на страдательный.
1. They are building a new concert-hall in our street. 2. The professor is examining our group. 3. The tourists were taking pictures of the Westminster Abbey, while the guide was telling the story. 4. The students are writing a test now. 5. Was he deleting your files when I saw him? 6. What scientist are you talking about? 7. At this moment she is showing our house to the new clients. 8. We were looking at the man with great surprise.
2.Поставьте глагол из скобок в правильную форму: Continuous Active или Continuous Passive.
1. Listen! The teacher (to explain) a new rule.
2. What you (to do) the whole evening yesterday? – I (to prepare) for the seminar on philosophy.
3. A new safety system (to install) now by our engineers.
4. Tomorrow from 9 till 2 the students (to take) exam in English.
5. Test-paper on Mathematics (to write) by the students when the dean entered the classroom.
6. The article (translate) into Russian now, it will be published soon.
7. What you (do) here? – I (look for) my textbook.
8. Listen! My favourite song (perform).
9. Why didn’t you come yesterday? – I was busy, I (prepare) for exam in maths.
10. When I saw the car, it (drive) at over fifty miles an hour.
11. I won’t be at home at this time; I (walk) my dog in the park.
12. Have they found the lost child? – No, he still (look for).
3. Какую страдательную форму глагола нужно использовать:
- Present Indefinite Passive или Present Сontinuous Passive?
1. Where are your friends? – They (show) around the city. 2. Many accidents (cause) by dangerous driving. 3. The witness (question) by the police inspector now. 4. The old motor-way (use) by many people, but it’s not very convenient, that’s why a new ring-road (build) in the city. 5. Beautiful furniture (make) at this factory. 6. Young people (give) a lot of advice by their parents. 7. You can’t use the printer now, it (fix). 8. Dinner usually (serve) at 1 a.m. 9. Wait a little! Dinner still (cook). 10. What are you doing here in the hall? – My room (clean). 11. This book often (refer to). 12. What question (discuss) at the moment? 13. He is such a nice chap. Why he so often (laugh at)?
- Past Indefinite Passive или Past Continuous Passive?
1. The novel “War and Peace” (write) by Tolstoy. 2. When they entered the auction-hall, this painting (sell). 3. He couldn’t go out as his suit and shirt (clean). 4. His friends (fine) for exceeding speed limit yesterday. 5. They (ask) many questions at the exam? 6. I didn’t realize at that moment that I (follow). 7. When America (discover)? 8. Many buildings (destroy) during the Great Fire in London. 9. We weren’t allowed to enter the hall, because it (air). 10. Our test-papers still (check), when we came two hours later. 11. When I entered the classroom, student Popov (examine). 12. The letter to their company (send) by fax an hour ago. 13. What film (demonstrate) in the lecture room now?
4. Переведите на английский язык, используя времена группы Continuous в Active или Passive Voice.
1. Что здесь делают эти студенты? – Они ждут декана.
2. Новые линии метро сейчас строят в разных частях Москвы.
3. Лекция длилась три часа, профессора слушали с большим вниманием.
4. В конце мая все студенты будут готовиться к экзаменам.
5. Какие вопросы сейчас обсуждаются?
6. Не разговаривайте так громко! Нас слушают.
7. Ему рассказывали новости, когда я зашёл в комнату.
8. Кого сейчас экзаменуют? – Сейчас отвечает студент Петров.
9. Я не могу понять, что он говорит.
10. Перевод готов? – Нет, текст ещё переводят.
Perfect Passive
Страдательный залог времён группы Perfectобразуется:
to have (в Present, Past илиFuture Perfect) + Participle II смыслового глагола
He has been asked at today’s seminar.
has been asked —Present Perfect Passive
Его сегодня спросили на семинаре.
The problem had been discussed when (by the time) he left the meeting.
had been discussed — Past Perfect Passive
Проблема (уже) была обсуждена, когда (к тому времени, как) он ушел с собрания.
The plan will have been worked out by the end of the week.
will have been worked out — Future Perfect Passive
План будет разработан к концу недели.
Времена Present, Past, Future Perfect в Passive Voice употребляются в тех же случаях, что и в Active Voice.
Exercises
1. Выберите правильный вариант.
1) The jumper (is / has been) washed several times, and it (wasn't /hasn't) shrunk.
2) Nylon (has / has been) produced since 1938 and today it (is / is being) found in many things.
3) The Houses of Parliament (were / have been) built between 1840 and 1857.
4) Scientists hope that a cure for cancer will soon (be / have been) found.
5) Each Concord (was / had been) built at a cost of 55 million pounds.
6) Boss says I will (be / have been) given a pay-rise next month.
7) By next year, everybody in the company will (be / have been) given a pay-rise.
8) She will (be / have been) informed about the results of the research as soon as it (is / will be) finished.
9) Wait for a while. He (is / is being) interviewed now.
2. Ответьте на вопрос: What do you think will have been done at our university (in our city) by 2020? Используйте глаголы to build, to create, to change, to reconstruct, to open, to close, to enlarge и другие.
2. Поставьте глагол из скобок в правильную форму: Perfect Active или Perfect Passive.
1. Why doesn’t she attend the seminars? – She (to be) ill for three weeks.
2. Hurry up! The lesson (to begin) by the time we come.
3. This letter (to write) by you yet? – Yes, I (to send) it already.
4. He told me he already (to finish) translating the text.
5. By next summer the swimming pool (to build) in this district.
6. Everything (to do) before the guests arrived.
7. Our son (to enter) the university this year.
8. The article (translate) by the end of the next week.
9. They received good results after they (to work) with this type of equipment.
10. How many phone calls you (to make) today? – I (to make) twenty phone calls by 3 p.m.
11. Two new engineers just (introduce) to the head of the department.
12. They told me that the new student much (speak) about.
3.Переведите на английский язык, используя времена группы Perfect в Active или Passive Voice.
1. Он поступил в университет в этом году.
2. Эксперимент уже завершён? – Да, он был завершён к 5 часам.
3. Он когда-нибудь был в Германии? – Да, он был там несколько раз.
4. Когда делегация прибыла, новое оборудование уже было установлено.
5. Этим прибором не пользуются с 1998 года.
6. Я переведу эту статью на английский язык к тому времени, как вы вернётесь в Мурманск.
7. Мы надеемся, что свойства этого вещества будут определены к началу следующего года.
8. Нам только что сообщили о результатах научного исследования.
9. Этот студент получил стипендию после того, как успешно сдал все экзамены.
10. Аспиранты завершили исследовательскую работу к концу семестра.
11. Вы видели новую лабораторию? – Да, её открыли к тому времени, как мы приехали.
12. Наш техник установит новую программу до того, как вы начнёте работу на компьютере.
Сводная таблица форм страдательного залога
to be (в необходимой форме) + 3-я форма глагола (Past Participle)
| Время | Simple | Progressive | Perfect | ||||||
| Present | I He We | am is are | asked | I He We | am is are | being asked | I He We | have has have | been asked |
| Past | I He We | was were | asked | I He We | was was were | being asked | I He We | had | been asked |
| Future | I He We | shall (will) will shall (will) | be asked | ___________ | I He We | shall (will) will shall (will) | have been asked | ||
| Future in the Past | I He We | would | be asked | ____________ | I He We | would | have been asked |
• Формы Perfect Progressive отсутствуют.
