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1. , , ..

lim (u1 + u2 + + un) = lim u1+ lim u2+ + lim un

2. , ..

lim (u1 × u2 × × un) = lim u1 × lim u2 × × lim un

3. , , .. lim V ¹ 0.

4. u = u(x), z = z(x), v = v(x) u £ z £ v u(x) v(x) ( ¥ ) b, z = z(x) ( ¥) .

 

4 , . (2.1)

(2.1) sin x: sin x ~x.

. . 2.3 = = sin. , , ( ) , = 0 . ( sin x).

, : (2.2)

( p) = 2,71828; , , , , ln x = logex. = ( ). : .

:

. = f() :

1. ;

2. , .. . . 0 D = 0 + D. D = f(0 + D) f(0).

f() 0, , ..

(2.3) (2.3`)

: , . , , . , , (2.4), .. (2.4) ( ( ) ): .

:

:

.

, f(x) (, b), a < b, . , , . , b1, b2 f(a) , . , b1 ¹ b2 ( b2 - b1) , b1 = b2. , , . ( : ).

( ).

1. f(x) [a, b], = 1 , f(x1) ³ f(x), , 2 ,

 
.2.4
f(x2) £ f(x). f(x1) = f(x2) = m f(x) . . 2.4, [a, b] 1, 2 3. , [a, b] 1 m . 2 [a, b] . 3 [a, b] m . !

(, (, b) . : = (, b) , .. b!)

2. f(x) [a, b] , a b = , . ( , ; = ). . 2.5: 1 2 , [a, b] ( ) . 1 , 2 , .

3. f(x) [a, b] f(a) = A f(b) = B , m, , = , a b, f(c) = m ( , 2 3).

: f(x) , , .

1.4. :

1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) .

1.5. :

1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) .

1.6. ( ) :

1) ; 3) ;

2) ; 4) .

1.7. :

1) ; 3) ;

2) ; 4) .

1.8. = -1:

1) ;

2) 2 ;

3) 1 .

1.9. [ ; ] , :

1) ;

2) ;

3) .

.

= f(x) . D. + D , , f (x + D), ..

D = f (x + D) f (x). . , y` ( f`(x) dy / dx). ` , .

(3.1) (3.1`)

y = f(x) D D, . . (f`(x) = j(x)). = f `() `/ = . .

( ) . : , V = s / t (s = s (t) , t ). , , ( ). .

. 3.1
y = f(x) (.3.1) 0(, ) 1( + D, + D) 01. , . 1 0, 0 ( D 0) , 0.

.

: f`(x) f(x) (, ). , (1.36), = f(x) (0, 0) 0 = f `(x0)(x x0) (3.3).

, y = f(x) = 0, .. , . (), , ().

. = f() , . , , , g , .. . D = f `(x0) Dx + gDx, , D 0 D 0 f(x) 0. , . , 0, . ,

. [a, b]. , .. ( ) , .

= 0. , .. = 0 , .

. = 2. D = (x + Dx)2 2 = 2xDx + D2 , .. = 2, ` = 2. , , = n, n , nxn1, .. = n, ` = nn1 (3.4). , , n. :

= sinx, y` = cosx (3.5) = cosx, y` = sinx (3.6)

, .. = , , ` = 0 (3.7)

, = c f(x), c = const, y` = cf `(x) (3.8).

, .. , (3.9)

( () , i , n .. .)

, .. = uv,

y` = u`v + uv` (3.10).

( ) , , , .. y = u / v, (3.11).

. , .

= logax, (3.12). , (3.12`)

y = tg x, (3.13) y = tg x, (3.14)

= (a > 0), ` = ln a (3.15) ()` = ex (3.15`)

- = F(u), u = f(x), = F(f(x). u .

: u = f(x) ux` = f `(x), y = F(u), u y`u = F(u), = F(f(x)) y` = F`u(u)f `(x) y`x=y`uu`x (3.16)

( ).

: y = sin x2 => y = sin u, u = x2, (3.16). (3.5) (3.4) : y`u = cos u, u`x = 2x, y`x = 2xcos x2.

.. , F(x, y) = 0 (3.17).

(, (3.17) = f (), . ).

: F(x, y) = sin (x + y) e(x y) = 0. , , :

, , , . = n. , ln y = n ln x, n. . (, - ).

. y = f(x) , (a, b), (a < b). ( (f(x2) > f(x1) x2 > x1) . f(x2) < f(x1) x2 > x1 ). ( ) . , . , , = j(). y = f(x), y = f(x) = j(). = j() y = f(x) . , :

1. () [a, b], f(a) = c, f(b) = d, [c, d];

2. y = f(x) , , ().

: = 2 (¥, ¥) , : (0 £ < ¥) (- ¥ < < 0).

: y = f(x) = j(), j`() , y = f(x) f `(x) 1 / j`(), ..

f`(x) = 1 / j`() (3.18).

, :

y = arcsin x, (3.19) y = arccos x, (3.20)

y = arctg x, (3.21) y = arcctg x, (3.22)

:

(3.11) :

(, sin2x + cos2x=1; sin2x = 2sinx cosx)

= . ln = xlnx. , (lny)` = (xlnx)` => y`/ = lnx + 1 => y` = xx (lnx + 1).

(3.19). , y = arc sin x => sin y = sin arc sin x => x = sin y. (3.18):

(, ) : ( ) t, ( , ); .. ( - 1.7.1)

( , t - (1) t (2)). , , :

. y = f(x) ( ), y` = f`(x) = dy / dx ( f(x)) . , , , .. f(x); (y`)`=(f`(x))`. , y`` = f ``(x) = d2y / dx2 () . , n (n Î Z), y(n) = f(n)(x) (n , ). .

 

.

y = f(x) , . D/D D 0 a 0 D 0. D D = f `(x) Dx + aDx. f`(x) ¹ 0 f `(x) D D, aD . (f`(x) D) , D, dy = f `(x) D.

= . , dy = dx dy = f`(x)dx (3.24).

f`(x) = dy / dx .

, D = dy + aDx , :

D f `()D => f (+D) f () @ f `(x) D => f (x + D) @ f(x) + f `(x) D (3.25.),

, D.

 

: sin460; 460 = 450 + 10 = p/4 + p/180; (3.25) , sin(x + D) sin x + D cosx sin 460 = sin (p/4 + p/180) @ sin p/4 + (p/180)cos p/4 0,7194.

. 3.2
(3.24) , , , .

d(u + v) = du + dv (3.26), d(uv) = vdu + udv (3.27) ..

. 3.2. = f(x) (, ) . D D 1( + D, + D). NT NT = MN tg a = D f `(x) = dy ( ), .. (,).

, , . ( ) d(dy) = dy2. d2y = [f `(x) dx]`dx = f``(x)(dx)2, dx . , dny = f(n)(x)(dx)n; , .

dny = f(n)(x)dxn (3.24').

1.10. , :

1) ;

2) ;

3) .

1.11. , :

1) ;

2) ;

3) .

1.12. , ' =

1) ; 2) ; 3) .

1.13. , ' =

1) ; 2) ; 3) .

1.14. , ''' =

1) ; 3) ;

2) ; 4) .

1.15. ; ' =

1) ; 3) ;

2) ; 4) .

1.16. ; d 3 x =

1) ; 3) ;

2) ; 4) .





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