| Wait for me. Do take care of yourself. | Dont wait for me. Lets go there. | Let him do it. Dont let him do it. |
Word Formation. . Suffixes.
| -er: teacher -ant, -ent: assistant president -ist: economist | -ive: active -ous: dangerous -ful: beautiful -al: national -ent:different, dependent -able: considerable -less: homeless -y/ly: windy, lovely -ible: responsible | -ly: dangerously quickly beautifully | -ate: decorate -ise:memorise, organise -(i)fy:purify satisfy -en:deepen | |
| -ism: humanism -ness: backwardness -ment: movement -ion: demonstration -ship: friendship -ance, -ence:independence -(i)ty: activity -ure: pressure | ||||
| Prefixes. | ||||
| un-: unhappy in-: independence im-: impossible ir-: irregular il-: illegal dis-: disclose | mis-: misunderstanding under-: underestimate over-: overestimate | co-: co-operation co-existence | re-: rewrite rebuild, reread : pre-: pre-war post-: post-war inter-: international | |
| non-:non-stop | ||||
Prepositions.
Prepositions of place.
| on | near | , | |
| in | across | ||
| at | between | ||
| under | among | , | |
| in front of |
Prepositions of Direction.
| to | , , | towards | |
| into | = | out of | = |
| from | , |
Prepositions of Time.
| AT | IN | ON | |||||
| at 10.30 at Christmas/Easter at noon/ night at lunch/ dinner at breakfast at that time at the moment at the weekend | in the morning/ evening/afternoon/night in the Easter/Christmas/ holiday(s) in January in (the) winter (seasons) in 1992 in the 19th century in two hours (two hours from now) | on Monday on Easter Sunday on Christmas Day on Friday night on July 30th on a summer day on that day | |||||
| yesterday, tomorrow, next, this, last, every at, in, on. Come on Monday. We parted last year. Spring begins in March. Well meet next week. Our lesson will begin at ten oclock. | |||||||
| before | , | till | |||||
| after | during | ||||||
| until | between | ||||||
| by | bike/motorbike/car/van/ lorry/train/plane/air/bus/ tram/ship | on his/that, etc. bike/motorbike in my/this, etc. car/van/lorry on the train/plane/bus/tram/ship |
| boat | on the boat (if a large boat) in the boat (if a small boat) | |
| on foot | ||
| get in(to)/ get out of a car or taxi | ||
| get on/ get off a bicycle, bus or train |
English Sentence
|
|
|
 |  |
| (Simple) | (Compound) |
| She is a doctor. | He is an old man and he is ill. |
| omplex Sentence | ||||
| + (Main clause) | (subordinate clauses) | |||
| / Subject clauses / Predicative clauses / Object clauses / Attributive clauses : / Adverbial clauses (, , , , , , ) | ||||
| / Sentences: | ||||
| who, what, which, where, how, why, etc. | How this happened is not clear. | |||
| that, if, whether, what, whose, why | The trouble is that Ive lost his address. | |||
| who, what, when, which, that | He told us that he was busy. The question is when she will arrive. | |||
| who, that, whose, which | This is the book that I bought yesterday. This is a man who phoned you in the morning. | |||
| : | ||||
| where, whenever | We went where you sent us. | |||
| when, while, after, before, till, until, since, by the time, as soon as, etc. | When I graduate from university, I will work as a lawyer. Ill phone you as soon as I come home. | |||
| because, as, for, now that, since | As it was Sunday, we decided to spend our day off out of town. | |||
| so, so that, in order (that); that, lest. | I took a taxi in order that I could get home as soon as possible. | |||
| if, unless, provided (that), supposing | If she doesnt phone me, Ill go there myself. | |||
| though, although, in spite of the fact that | Though he is an Englishman, he can speak French well. | |||
| as, as if, as though, that | She was so calm as if nobody had told her anything. | |||
List of Irregular Verbs
| Infinitive | Past Indefinite | Past Participle | |
| arise | arose | arisen | |
| be | was, were | been | |
| bear | bore | borne | |
| beat | beat | beaten | |
| become | became | become | |
| begin | began | begun | |
| bend | bent | bent | () |
| bet | bet | bet/betted | |
| bind | bound | bound | |
| bite | bit | bitten/bit | () |
| bleed | bled | bled | |
| blow | blew | blown | |
| break | broke | broken | |
| breed | bred | bred | |
| bring | brought | brought | |
| broadcast | broadcast | broadcast | |
| build | built | built | |
| burn | burnt/burned | burnt/burned | |
| burst | burst | burst | |
| buy | bought | bought | |
| catch | caught | caught | |
| choose | chose | chosen | |
| come | came | come | |
| cost | cost | cost | |
| creep | crept | crept | |
| cut | cut | cut | |
| deal | dealt | dealt | |
| dig | dug | dug | |
| dive | dived/dove (US) | dived | |
| do | did | done | |
| draw | drew | drawn | |
| dream | dreamt | dreamt | |
| drink | drank | drunk | |
| drive | drove | driven | |
| eat | ate | eaten | |
| fall | fell | fallen | |
| feed | fed | fed | |
| feel | felt | felt | |
| fight | fought | fought | |
| find | found | found | |
| flee | fled | fled | |
| fly | flew | flown | |
| forbid | forbade | forbidden | |
| forget | forgot | forgotten | |
| forgive | forgave | forgiven | |
| freeze | froze | frozen | |
| get | got | got(gotten-US) | |
| give | gave | given | |
| go | went | gone | |
| grind | ground | ground | |
| grow | grew | grown | |
| hang | hung | hung | |
| have | had | had | |
| hear | heard | heard | |
| hide | hid | hidden | |
| hit | hit | hit | |
| hold | held | held | |
| hurt | hurt | hurt | |
| keep | kept | kept | |
| kneel | knelt | knelt | |
| know | knew | known | |
| lay | laid | laid | |
| lead | led | led | |
| lean | leant leaned | leant leaned | |
| leap | leapt leaped | leapt leaped | |
| learn | learnt/learned | learnt/learned | |
| leave | left | left | |
| lend | lent | lent | |
| let | let | let | |
| lie | lay | lain | |
| light | lit/lighted | lit/lighted | |
| lose | lost | lost | |
| make | made | made | |
| mean | meant | meant | |
| meet | met | met | |
| mow | mowed | mown/mowed | , |
| pay | paid | paid | |
| put | put | put | |
| read | read | read | |
| ride | rode | ridden | () |
| ring | rang | rung | |
| rise | rose | risen | |
| run | ran | run | |
| say | said | said | |
| see | saw | seen | |
| seek | sought | sought | |
| sell | sold | sold | |
| send | sent | sent | |
| set | set | set | ( ) |
| sew | sewed | sewn/sewed | |
| shake | shook | shaken | |
| shine | shone | shone | |
| shoot | shot | shot | |
| show | showed | shown/showed | |
| shrink | shrank/shrunk | shrunk | () |
| shut | shut | shut | |
| sing | sang | sung | |
| sink | sank | sunk | , |
| sit | sat | sat | |
| sleep | slept | slept | |
| slide | slid | slid | |
| smell | smelt/smelled | smelt/smelled | |
| speak | spoke | spoken | |
| speed | sped/speeded | sped/speeded | |
| spell | spelt/spelled | spelt/spelled | |
| spend | spent | spent | |
| spill | spilt/spilled | spilt/spilled | () |
| spin | spun | spun | |
| spit | spat/spit | spat/spit | () |
| split | split | split | () |
| spoil | spoilt/spoiled | spoilt/spoiled | |
| spread | spread | spread | () |
| spring | sprang | sprung | |
| stand | stood | stood | |
| steal | stole | stolen | |
| stick | stuck | stuck | |
| sting | stung | stung | |
| stride | strode | stridden | |
| strike | struck | struck | () |
| swear | swore | sworn | () |
| sweep | swept | swept | |
| swim | swam | swum | |
| swing | swung | swung | () |
| take | took | taken | |
| teach | taught | taught | (-) |
| tear | tore | torn | |
| tell | told | told | |
| think | thought | thought | |
| throw | threw | thrown | |
| tread | trod | trodden | |
| understand | understood | understood | |
| wake | woke/waked | woken/waked | |
| wear | wore | worn | () |
| weave | wove | woven | , |
| weep | wept | wept | |
| win | won | won | |
| wind | wound | wound | |
| write | wrote | written |
|
|
|
|
|
|
