| - - , , .
| says
He that will say
| she lives in Minsk. she livedin Minsk. she will livein Minsk.
|
| - , .
| He said (that)
| she lived in Minsk. she had livedin Minsk. she would livein Minsk
|
| 19. Direct and Indirect Speech (Reported Speech)
|
| :
|
| 1. , :
| a) that( );
b) ;
c) , - :
|
| Present Indefinite →go/goes
| Past Indefinitewent
|
| Past Indefinite →went
| Past Perfecthad gone
|
| Future Indefinite →shall/will go
| Future Indefinite-in-the-Past
should/would go
|
| Present Continuous →am/is/are going
| Past Continuouswas/were going
|
| Past Continuous →was/were going
| Past Perfect Continuoushad been going
|
| Future Continuous → will be going
| Future Continuous in- the Pastwould be going
|
| Present Perfect → has/have gone
| Past Perfecthad gone
|
| Past Perfect ↔had gone
| Past Perfecthad gone
|
| Future Perfect →will have gone
| Future Perfect -in the Pastwould have gone
|
| Present Perfect Continuous →have/has been going
| Past Perfect Continuoushad been going
|
| Past Perfect Continuous ↔had been going
| Past Perfect Continuoushad been going
|
| Future Perfect Continuous →will have been going
| Future Perfect Continuous in-the Pastwould have been going
|
|
| d) say, , tell( to);
e) :
|
| now then, today that day, tomorrow the next day, yesterday the day before, ago before, here there, this year/these days that year/those days, this(pen)the(pen)
|
| Mother said to me, I bought this book for you yesterday.
Mother told me(that) she had bought the book for me the day before.
|
| 2. :
| a) if whether ();
b) , . .
|
| He asked me, Have you spent your holiday in the South this year?
He asked me whether I had spent my holiday in the South that year.
|
| 3. :
| a) ;
b) , .
|
| She said to me, Where did you go yesterday?
She asked me where I had gone the day before.
|
| 4. :
| .
say tell order ( ) ask ( )
|
| She said to me, Dont ring me up today as I will be very busy.
She askedme not to ring her up that day as she would be very busy.
|
| | | | | | |
The word One
| One, , .
One - - , , .
One+ modal verbs
-.
| One never knows what he can say and do.
One should always keep ones word.
One must go in for sports.
One mustnt do it. One cant gt this book anywhere. One should be careful when crossing the street. One may work in the laboratory every day.
This book is more interesting than that one.
| , .
.
() .
. . , . . , .
|
Non-Finite Forms of the Verb (Verbals)
Participle. .
|
|
| ( ), .
.
| | Active
| Passive
|
| Participle I
| doing
| being done
|
| Perfect
Participle
| having
done
| having been done
|
| Participle II
| -
| done
|
| I (Present Participle)(asking , ) , -.
|
| :
1)
2)
3) : ) ) )
|
I like films showing the life of famous people.
A broken cup was lying on the table. When (while) translating the article, I came across many unknown words. Not knowing many words I had to use a dictionary. She sat on the sofa reading a book
|
, .
.
, .
, .
, .
|
| II (Past Participle)(done )
|
| :
1)
2)
3) , ( )
| The books written by L. Tolstoy are read with great interest. The plan is discussed. If asked he will tell you a lot of interesting about his life abroad.
| , . , .
. , .
|
| Perfect Participle(having asked ) , -.
|
| :
:
a)
b)
| Having left school two years ago he couldnt enter any Institute, but now he is a student. (= After he had left) Having left school with excellent marks he entered the University.
(= As he had left )
| , , .
, .
|
