Can – to be able to
| Present
| Past
| Future
|
Физическая и умственная способность, возможность выполнить действие.
Перевод: могу, умею
| can, cannot (can’t) I can swim. Сan you swim?
No, I can’t swim.
| could, could not (couldn’t)
Только was/were able to для положительных, разовых действий
| shall/will be able (to), shall/will not be able (to)
Will you be able to…?
|
Must – to have (to)
|
Долженствование, приказ (совет, предположение). Перевод: должен, нужно, надо (должно быть, вероятно)
| must, must not (mustn’t) - Must he do it? - No, he needn’t.
She must be ill.
| had (to) did not have (to) Did you have to…
I had to go to the library yesterday.
| must (not) (приказ)
shall/will have (to) shall not/will not have (to)
You must do it.
I will have to do it.
|
May – to be allowed (to)
|
Разрешение (предположение). Перевод: можно (возможно, может быть)
| may, may (not)
-May I ask you a question?
-Yes, you may.
It may rain.
| might might not (в косвенное речи)
She said it might rain in the evening.
| may (говорящий разрешает)
shall / will be allowed (to) shall not/ will not/ be allowed (to)
|
Should / Ought to
|
Выражает моральный долг, совет, упрек (в Past). Перевод: следует.
| Present, Future – should help / ought to help You should help your parents.
Past – should have helped (следовало бы помочь)
|
to have (to)
| Present
| Past
| Future
|
Необходимость, вызванная какими-то обстоятельствами. Перевод: должен, приходится
| have/has to, do not have to, doesn’t have to Do you have to get up early?
| had to, did not have to Did you have to go there? – Yes I did.
| shall / will have to…
You will have to tell him about it.
|
to be (to)
|
Необходимость в соответствии с договоренностью, планом, расписанием.
|
We are to meet now.
| was (were) to meet
We were to meet here.
|
We are to meet tomorrow.
|
Shall
|
Обещание, предупреждение, угроза; обращение за советом/мнением собеседника; указание, в разделительных вопросах после Let’s….
| Don’t worry, they shall do it in time.
You shall be sorry about it.
When she comes in, nobody shall say a word.
Shall I buy this coat? – Yes, certainly.
Let’s go home, shall we?
|
Will/would
|
Намерение, решимость; просьба, предложение; привычное действие; в разделительных вопросах после Let… и повелительного наклонения; отказ выполнять действие (won’t – часто с неодушевленными предметами); в условных предложениях; вероятность.
| Will you cut the grass in the garden? – No, I won’t do it.
Will/would you open the window?
In fine weather she would often sit in the sun for hours.
The door won’t open.
Let me help you, will/won’t you?
Be careful, will/won’t you?
Don’t do it, will you?
If there won’t be an increase in my salary, I’ll give up this job.
You will be Mr.Smith.
|
Need, needn’t
|
Необходимость или отсутствие необходимости выполнить действие. Перевод: нужно, не нужно,не нужно было
| needn’t come
You needn’t go there now.
| needn’t have come
You needn’t have gone there yesterday.
| needn’t come
You needn’t come here tomorrow.
|
Dare
|
Иметь смелость, дерзость сделать что-то.
Note:
Глаголы need и dare могут употребляться как смысловые в предложении.
| How dare you tell me about it?
I need your help.
I didn’t dare to do it.
|
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