| Тип придаточного предложения | Союзы и союзные слова | Примеры | |
| Main clause + | Subject Clause (отвечает на вопросы who? кто? или what? что?) | who (whom)кто (кого), whose чей, what что, какой, which который, when когда, where где, куда, how как, why почему, that что, whether, if (соответствуют в русском языке частице ли в роли союза) etc. | Who saved his life remained unknown. Кто спас ему жизнь, осталось неизвестным. |
| Predicative Clause | who (whom)кто (кого), whose чей, what что, какой, which который, when когда, where где, куда, how как, why почему, that что, whether, if (соответствуют в русском языке частице ли в роли союза) etc. | This is what we were talking about. Это то, о чём мы говорили. | |
| Object Clause (отвечает на вопросы whom? кого? или what? что? без предлогов или с предлогами) | who (whom)кто (кого), whose чей, what что, какой, which который, when когда, where где, куда, how как, why почему, that что, whether, if (соответствуют в русском языке частице ли в роли союза) etc. | You don’t know what you are talking about. Вы не знаете, о чём вы говорите. | |
| Attributive/Relative Clause (отвечает на вопросы which? what? какой?) | who который, whom которого, whose чей,которого, какой, which, that который, when когда, where где, куда, why почему etc. | Tom’s brother who lives in Moscow is an engineer. Брат Тома, который живёт в Москве, инженер. The place where we stopped to rest was very beautiful. Место, где мы остановились отдохнуть, было очень красивым. | |
| Adverbial Clauses: | |||
| Main clause + | Adverbial Clause of Place (отвечает на вопросы where? где? куда?, fromwhere? откуда?) | where где, куда, wherever где бы ни, куда бы ни etc. | I like to spend my leave where I can swim. Я люблю проводить отпуск там, где я могу плавать. He went where the doctor sent him. Он поехал туда, куда послал его врач. |
| Adverbial Clause of Time* (отвечает на вопросы when? когда?, howlong? как долго?, sincewhen? с каких пор?, tillwhattime?, tillwhen? до каких пор?) | when когда, whenever всякий раз когда, когда бы ни, as когда, в то время как, по мере того как, while в то время как, когда, пока, before прежде чем, до того как, after после того как, till, until пока, до тех пор пока (не), as long as пока, до тех пор пока, as soon as как только, since с тех пор как, by the time (that) к тому времени когда, directly как только etc. | Ring me up when you are free. Позвони мне, когда будешь свободен. I’ll give you the book after Ann has read it. Я дам тебе книгу, когда Анна её прочтёт. | |
| Adverbial Clause of Manner (отвечает на вопрос how? как? каким образом?) | as как, as if, as though как будто, как если бы etc. | She looked as if she were angry. Она выглядела так, как будто сердилась. You answer as if you didn’t know the rule. Вы отвечаете так, как будто вы не знаете этого правила. | |
| Adverbial Clause of Comparison | as как, than чем, as … as так (такой) же … как, not so / as …as не так (такой) … как, the … the чем … тем etc. | The exercise was easier than I had expected. Упражнение было легче, чем я ожидал. The quicker we walk, the sooner we get there. Чем быстрее мы идем, тем скорее мы доберемся туда. | |
| Adverbial Clause of Cause / Reason (отвечает на вопрос why? почему?) | because потому что, since поскольку, так как, as так как etc. | I can’t go because I have no ticket. Я не могу пойти, потому что у меня нет билета. Since you are ill, I’ll do the job myself. Поскольку ты болен, я сделаю работу сам. | |
| Adverbial Clause of Purpose (отвечает на вопросы what for? зачем? для чего?, for what purpose? с какой целью?) | that, in order that, so that чтобы, для того чтобы, lest чтобы не, incase на случай etc. | I’ve come early so that I won’t miss the beginning. Я пришел рано, чтобы не пропустить начало. Make a note of it in case you forget. Запиши это, на случай если забудешь. | |
| Adverbial Clause of Result | that что (относится к наречию степени so так, такой в главном предложении), so that так что etc. | I’m so tired that I can’t go any further. Я так устал, что не могу идти дальше. He went to the lecture early so that he got a good seat. Он пошёл на лекцию рано, так что он занял хорошее место. | |
| Adverbial Clause of Concession (отвечает на вопрос in spite of what? несмотря на что?) | though (although) хотя, even though, as хотя, despite / in spite of несмотря на, while несмотря на то что, тогда как, whereas тогда как, несмотря на то что, nevertheless тем не менее, однако, несмотря на, however как бы ни, whoever кто бы ни, whatever что бы ни, whichever какой бы ни etc. | You haven’t brought me the book though you promised to. Ты не принёс мне книгу, хотя ты обещал. I’ll buy the book whatever it costs. Я куплю книгу, чего бы она ни стоила. | |
| Adverbial Clause of Condition | if если, unless если не, provided (that), providing (that), oncondition (that) при условии если, при условии что, in case (that) в случае если, supposing (that), suppose (that) если, если бы, в случае etc. | If we don’t go now, we’ll miss the train. Если мы не пойдем сейчас, мы пропустим поезд. What shall we do if it rains? Что мы будем делать, если пойдёт дождь? |
* В придаточных обстоятельственных предложениях времени глагол в форме будущего времени не употребляется. Для выражения значения будущего времени в этих придаточных предложениях употребляются формы PresentSimple (вместо Future Simple), Present Continuous (вместо Future Continuous), Present Perfect (вместо Future Perfect), Present Perfect Continuous (вместо Future Perfect Continuous).
| A friend of mine will help you when you reach the city. | Мой друг поможет вам, когда вы приедете в город. |
| They move away on to the grass and stand waiting until the car has gone. | Они сходят с дороги на траву и ждут, пока машина не пройдёт. |
EXERCISES
| Exercise 1. | Join the following pairs of simple sentences to make them clauses of a compound sentence. Translate them into Russian. |
| 1. | In the morning Henry cooked the breakfast. Bill was stil sleeping. |
| 2. | It is getting dark and windy. We had better returned home. |
| 3. | Take a lantern. We shall not be able to find our way. |
| 4. | Be careful. You may slip and injure yourself. |
| 5. | I looked in all directions. No house was to be seen. |
| 6. | It was very cold. We didn’t go out. |
| 7. | Take your raincoat with you. It may rain. |
| 8. | Your arguments atr strong. They do not convince me. |
| 9. | He is a good scientist. He is also a good sportsman. |
| Exercise 2. | Underline the attributive clauses, see the way they are introduced and translate them into Russian. |
| Model: | The book which I am reading is very interesting. Everyone that I met at the party congratulated me. The fellow whom you recommended to us was very reliable. The student who is walking with Fred is in my class. |
| 1. | Is this the letter that you wanted me to send? |
| 2. | The house which you liked has already been sold. |
| 3. | I have lost the book which I borrowed from Tom. |
| 4. | He didn’t remember the man whose name you mentioned. |
| 5. | The police caught the thief who had stolen the money. |
| 6. | Is the river that flows through that town very large? |
| 7. | The program that we listen to wasn’t very good. |
| 8. | I said the first thing which came to my mind. |
| 9. | The man whose wife you met teaches at that university. |
| 10. | That’s the girl whom Fred and Tom were talking about. |
| 11. | I tried to read every book that the teacher recommended. |
| 12. | Have you seen the house which is being built next door? |
| 13. | The car which John bought is at least ten years old. |
| 14. | Fred lives in the house that you saw on the corner. |
| 15. | The story that he told me can’t possibly be true. |
| Exercise 3. | In the following sentences underline the subordinate clauses. Notice carefully how these clauses are used to show reason, purpose, result, concession, comparison, place, time and condition.Translate the sentences into Russian. |
| REASON OR PURPOSE | |
| 1. | Carl left for home early because he had to study. |
| 2. | Since Mr. Fox was sick, he had to cancel the appointment. |
| 3. | I sent the letter airmail so (that) he would get it right away. |
| RESULT | |
| 4. | I couldn’t hear the speaker, so I moved to the first row. |
| 5. | The man spoke so rapidly (that) I couldn’t understand him. |
| 6. | I had such a wonderful time (that) I didn’t want to go home. |
| CONCESSION | |
| 7. | Ralph bought that used car although we advised him against it. |
| 8. | Although he’s 65 years old, Mr. Cole is still an active man. |
| COMPARISON | |
| 9. | The weather is better today than it was yesterday. |
| 10. | There are as many students in this class as there are in that one. |
| PLACE | |
| 11. | Would you please put the book where it belongs. |
| 12. | Our dog Saki usually goes wherever he wishes to go. |
| 13. | Wherever we went, we seemed to see very interesting things. |
| TIME | |
| 14. | The Browns saw the Eiffel Tower when they were in Paris. |
| 15. | When I visited Rome, I saw the famous Coliseum. |
| 16. | George and I will wait right here until you get back. |
| 17. | Before the secretary leaves, she will put the letters on your desk. |
| CONDITION | |
| 18. | I will give Mr. Anderson your message if I see him tomorrow. |
| 19. | If I had had enough time, I would have gone to the meeting with you. |
| Exercise 4. | Choose because, since, or so (that) as the connecting word for the subordinate clause in each sentence. Translate the sentences into Russian. |
| Model: | Bill needs some money so (that) he can buy a new suit. Bill needs some money because he wants to buy a new suit. I moved to the front row so (that) I could hear the speaker. I moved to the front raw because I couldn’t hear the speaker. Since I couldn’t hear the speaker, I moved to the front row. |
| 1. | I borrowed ten dollars from Ed ____ I could pay for my books. |
| 2. | I borrowed the money from him ____ I had to pay for my books. |
| 3. | Dorothy gave Don a list ____ he wouldn’t forget anything. |
| 4. | ____ Don often forgets things; his wife usually gives him a list. |
| 5. | You should call Mr. Slare ____ he wants to talk to you. |
| 6. | You should call Mr. Slater ____ you can get the information. |
| 7. | ____ you have changed your plans, you should call Mr. Slater. |
| 8. | We should leave for home early ____ we won’t be tired tomorrow. |
| 9. | We should leave for home early ____ mother will be waiting for us. |
| 10. | ____ we must go to work tomorrow, we should leave for home early. |
| Exercise 5. | Choose soorsuchfor the blank space in each sentence. Translate the sentences into Russian. |
| Model: | Mr. Anderson wasn’t at home, so I called him at his office. Mr. Anderson was so busy that he couldn’t meet me. He is such a busy man that he really needs a secretary. Dr. Davis has so much work to do that he can’t come home tonight. Dr. Davis has so many patients that he’s always busy. |
| 1. | We saw a nice house for sale, ____ we stopped to look at it. |
| 2. | The house was ____ beautiful that I took a picture of it. |
| 3. | It was ____ a beautiful house that we decided to buy it. |
| 4. | This coffee is ____ strong that I really can’t drink it. |
| 5. | That was ____ strong coffee that I really didn’t care for it. |
| 6. | The coffee was too strong for me, ____ I didn’t drink it. |
| 7. | The lesson was ____ hard that I asked Charles for some help. |
| 8. | We have ____ hard homework that I always need help. |
| 9. | I didn’t understand the explanation, ____ I had to ask for help. |
| 10. | There was ____ much food that everyone ate too much. |
| 11. | Ther were ____ many guests that there wasn’t enough food. |
| Exercise 6. | Change the italicized phrase in each sentence to a subordinate clause of concession introduced by the word although. Translate the sentences into Russian. |
| Model: | Despite the slippery roads, he drove his car today. Although the roads were slippery, he drove his car today. I bought that used car in spite of John’s advice. I bought that used car although John had advised against it. |
| 1. | Mr. Watkins is surprisingly active despite his age. |
| 2. | In spite of the rain, we went for a walk in the park. |
| 3. | Despite his lack of education, that man has a good position. |
| 4. | That student speaks fluently in spite of his limited vocabulary. |
| 5. | Despite the narrow streets in that city, many people drive cars. |
| 6. | In spite of your objections, I’m going to mention my plan. |
| 7. | Mr. Anderson went to work yesterday despite his bad cold. |
| 8. | In spite of his laziness, that fellow always does good work. |
| 9. | Despite the high cost of living here, there are many advantages. |
| 10. | In spite of all the noise outside, I went to sleep immediately. |
| 11. | Virginia told all of her friends the secret despite her promise. |
| Exercise 7. | Complete each sentence with an appropriate clause of comparison introduced by asorthan. Remember that a clause always includes a subject and a verb. Translate the sentences into Russian. |
| Model: | The weather is much better today than it was yesterday. My friend Peter works just as hard as the other students do. |
| 1. | Mr. Shaw’s speech was more interesting ____. |
| 2. | You speak English just as well ____. |
| 3. | Do you always drive as carefully ____. |
| 4. | There are more students in this class ____. |
| 5. | You look much happier today ____. |
| 6. | That brown cotton dress is less expensive ____. |
| 7. | Are you studying harder this semester ____. |
| 8. | Fred doesn’t seem to be as nervous ____. |
| 9. | I hear less difference between those two words ____. |
| 10. | Mr. Wilson has much more money ____. |
| 11. | Does Mr. Moore have as many students this year ____. |
| 12. | I usually enjoy television programs more ____ |
| 13. | My secretary usually gets to the office earlier ____. |
| Exercise 8. | Complete each of these sentences with a subordinate clause of place. Translate the sentences into Russian. |
| Model: | Would you please put those books back where they belong. Everywhere we went, we saw very interesting places. |
| 1. | Please don’t sit where ____. |
| 2. | Just put your coat and hat wherever ____. |
| 3. | Wherever ____, you will also find much poverty. |
| 4. | We saw examples of neglect everywhere ____. |
| 5. | Every place ____, we stopped and asked for information. |
| 6. | You can park your car wherever ____. |
| 7. | Unfortunately, there’s another car right where ____. |
| 8. | Everywhere ____, someone or other objected. |
| 9. | The police station is located where ____. |
| 10. | There are usually police stations wherever ____. |
| 11. | Every place ____, the people stared at as strangely. |
| 12. | This road is very dangerous where ____. |
| 13. | Roads are very dangerous wherever ____. |
| Exercise 9. | Underline the subordinate clauses of time, see the way they are introduced and translate them into Russian. |
| Model: | Our friends will wait for us here until we get back. |
| 1. | Mrs. Howell cut her finger while she was slicing the bread. |
| 2. | After I had asked her twice, the girl finally told me her name. |
| 3. | The maid is going to clean up the house before the guests arrive. |
| 4. | When I left for work this morning, it was raining very hard. |
| 5. | Please don’t say anything to them until we’re sure about that. |
| 6. | Since I last spoke to you, I have a lot of trouble with my car. |
| 7. | As we were getting out of the car, the car started moving forward. |
| 8. | While you are getting ready, I’m going to make a telephone call. |
| 9. | I’m going to ask the teacher a question after the class is over. |
| 10. | Before he graduated in June, Bill had already been offered a job. |
| 11. | I’ll be waiting right here when you come out of the building. |
| 12. | Until I had actually seen it myself, I could hardly believe it. |
| 13. | We haven’t received one letter from him since he left a month ago. |
