Main clause + | Subject Clause ( who? ? what? ?) | who (whom) (), whose , what , , which , when , where , , how , why , that , whether, if ( ) etc. | Who saved his life remained unknown. , . |
Predicative Clause | who (whom) (), whose , what , , which , when , where , , how , why , that , whether, if ( ) etc. | This is what we were talking about. , . | |
Object Clause ( whom? ? what? ? ) | who (whom) (), whose , what , , which , when , where , , how , why , that , whether, if ( ) etc. | You dont know what you are talking about. , . | |
Attributive/Relative Clause ( which? what? ?) | who , whom , whose ,, , which, that , when , where , , why etc. | Toms brother who lives in Moscow is an engineer. , , . The place where we stopped to rest was very beautiful. , , . | |
Adverbial Clauses: | |||
Main clause + | Adverbial Clause of Place ( where? ? ?, fromwhere? ?) | where , , wherever , etc. | I like to spend my leave where I can swim. , . He went where the doctor sent him. , . |
Adverbial Clause of Time* ( when? ?, howlong? ?, sincewhen? ?, tillwhattime?, tillwhen? ?) | when , whenever , , as , , , while , , , before , , after , till, until , (), as long as , , as soon as , since , by the time (that) , directly etc. | Ring me up when you are free. , . Ill give you the book after Ann has read it. , . | |
Adverbial Clause of Manner ( how? ? ?) | as , as if, as though , etc. | She looked as if she were angry. , . You answer as if you didnt know the rule. , . | |
Adverbial Clause of Comparison | as , than , as as () , not so / as as () , the the etc. | The exercise was easier than I had expected. , . The quicker we walk, the sooner we get there. , . | |
Adverbial Clause of Cause / Reason ( why? ?) | because , since , , as etc. | I cant go because I have no ticket. , . Since you are ill, Ill do the job myself. , . | |
Adverbial Clause of Purpose ( what for? ? ?, for what purpose? ?) | that, in order that, so that , , lest , incase etc. | Ive come early so that I wont miss the beginning. , . Make a note of it in case you forget. , . | |
Adverbial Clause of Result | that ( so , ), so that etc. | Im so tired that I cant go any further. , . He went to the lecture early so that he got a good seat. , . | |
Adverbial Clause of Concession ( in spite of what? ?) | though (although) , even though, as , despite / in spite of , while , , whereas , , nevertheless , , , however , whoever , whatever , whichever etc. | You havent brought me the book though you promised to. , . Ill buy the book whatever it costs. , . | |
Adverbial Clause of Condition | if , unless , provided (that), providing (that), oncondition (that) , , in case (that) , supposing (that), suppose (that) , , etc. | If we dont go now, well miss the train. , . What shall we do if it rains? , ? |
* . PresentSimple ( Future Simple), Present Continuous ( Future Continuous), Present Perfect ( Future Perfect), Present Perfect Continuous ( Future Perfect Continuous).
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A friend of mine will help you when you reach the city. | , . |
They move away on to the grass and stand waiting until the car has gone. | , . |
EXERCISES
Exercise 1. | Join the following pairs of simple sentences to make them clauses of a compound sentence. Translate them into Russian. |
1. | In the morning Henry cooked the breakfast. Bill was stil sleeping. |
2. | It is getting dark and windy. We had better returned home. |
3. | Take a lantern. We shall not be able to find our way. |
4. | Be careful. You may slip and injure yourself. |
5. | I looked in all directions. No house was to be seen. |
6. | It was very cold. We didnt go out. |
7. | Take your raincoat with you. It may rain. |
8. | Your arguments atr strong. They do not convince me. |
9. | He is a good scientist. He is also a good sportsman. |
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Exercise 2. | Underline the attributive clauses, see the way they are introduced and translate them into Russian. |
Model: | The book which I am reading is very interesting. Everyone that I met at the party congratulated me. The fellow whom you recommended to us was very reliable. The student who is walking with Fred is in my class. |
1. | Is this the letter that you wanted me to send? |
2. | The house which you liked has already been sold. |
3. | I have lost the book which I borrowed from Tom. |
4. | He didnt remember the man whose name you mentioned. |
5. | The police caught the thief who had stolen the money. |
6. | Is the river that flows through that town very large? |
7. | The program that we listen to wasnt very good. |
8. | I said the first thing which came to my mind. |
9. | The man whose wife you met teaches at that university. |
10. | Thats the girl whom Fred and Tom were talking about. |
11. | I tried to read every book that the teacher recommended. |
12. | Have you seen the house which is being built next door? |
13. | The car which John bought is at least ten years old. |
14. | Fred lives in the house that you saw on the corner. |
15. | The story that he told me cant possibly be true. |
Exercise 3. | In the following sentences underline the subordinate clauses. Notice carefully how these clauses are used to show reason, purpose, result, concession, comparison, place, time and condition.Translate the sentences into Russian. |
REASON OR PURPOSE | |
1. | Carl left for home early because he had to study. |
2. | Since Mr. Fox was sick, he had to cancel the appointment. |
3. | I sent the letter airmail so (that) he would get it right away. |
RESULT | |
4. | I couldnt hear the speaker, so I moved to the first row. |
5. | The man spoke so rapidly (that) I couldnt understand him. |
6. | I had such a wonderful time (that) I didnt want to go home. |
CONCESSION | |
7. | Ralph bought that used car although we advised him against it. |
8. | Although hes 65 years old, Mr. Cole is still an active man. |
COMPARISON | |
9. | The weather is better today than it was yesterday. |
10. | There are as many students in this class as there are in that one. |
PLACE | |
11. | Would you please put the book where it belongs. |
12. | Our dog Saki usually goes wherever he wishes to go. |
13. | Wherever we went, we seemed to see very interesting things. |
TIME | |
14. | The Browns saw the Eiffel Tower when they were in Paris. |
15. | When I visited Rome, I saw the famous Coliseum. |
16. | George and I will wait right here until you get back. |
17. | Before the secretary leaves, she will put the letters on your desk. |
CONDITION | |
18. | I will give Mr. Anderson your message if I see him tomorrow. |
19. | If I had had enough time, I would have gone to the meeting with you. |
Exercise 4. | Choose because, since, or so (that) as the connecting word for the subordinate clause in each sentence. Translate the sentences into Russian. |
Model: | Bill needs some money so (that) he can buy a new suit. Bill needs some money because he wants to buy a new suit. I moved to the front row so (that) I could hear the speaker. I moved to the front raw because I couldnt hear the speaker. Since I couldnt hear the speaker, I moved to the front row. |
1. | I borrowed ten dollars from Ed ____ I could pay for my books. |
2. | I borrowed the money from him ____ I had to pay for my books. |
3. | Dorothy gave Don a list ____ he wouldnt forget anything. |
4. | ____ Don often forgets things; his wife usually gives him a list. |
5. | You should call Mr. Slare ____ he wants to talk to you. |
6. | You should call Mr. Slater ____ you can get the information. |
7. | ____ you have changed your plans, you should call Mr. Slater. |
8. | We should leave for home early ____ we wont be tired tomorrow. |
9. | We should leave for home early ____ mother will be waiting for us. |
10. | ____ we must go to work tomorrow, we should leave for home early. |
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Exercise 5. | Choose soorsuchfor the blank space in each sentence. Translate the sentences into Russian. |
Model: | Mr. Anderson wasnt at home, so I called him at his office. Mr. Anderson was so busy that he couldnt meet me. He is such a busy man that he really needs a secretary. Dr. Davis has so much work to do that he cant come home tonight. Dr. Davis has so many patients that hes always busy. |
1. | We saw a nice house for sale, ____ we stopped to look at it. |
2. | The house was ____ beautiful that I took a picture of it. |
3. | It was ____ a beautiful house that we decided to buy it. |
4. | This coffee is ____ strong that I really cant drink it. |
5. | That was ____ strong coffee that I really didnt care for it. |
6. | The coffee was too strong for me, ____ I didnt drink it. |
7. | The lesson was ____ hard that I asked Charles for some help. |
8. | We have ____ hard homework that I always need help. |
9. | I didnt understand the explanation, ____ I had to ask for help. |
10. | There was ____ much food that everyone ate too much. |
11. | Ther were ____ many guests that there wasnt enough food. |
Exercise 6. | Change the italicized phrase in each sentence to a subordinate clause of concession introduced by the word although. Translate the sentences into Russian. |
Model: | Despite the slippery roads, he drove his car today. Although the roads were slippery, he drove his car today. I bought that used car in spite of Johns advice. I bought that used car although John had advised against it. |
1. | Mr. Watkins is surprisingly active despite his age. |
2. | In spite of the rain, we went for a walk in the park. |
3. | Despite his lack of education, that man has a good position. |
4. | That student speaks fluently in spite of his limited vocabulary. |
5. | Despite the narrow streets in that city, many people drive cars. |
6. | In spite of your objections, Im going to mention my plan. |
7. | Mr. Anderson went to work yesterday despite his bad cold. |
8. | In spite of his laziness, that fellow always does good work. |
9. | Despite the high cost of living here, there are many advantages. |
10. | In spite of all the noise outside, I went to sleep immediately. |
11. | Virginia told all of her friends the secret despite her promise. |
Exercise 7. | Complete each sentence with an appropriate clause of comparison introduced by asorthan. Remember that a clause always includes a subject and a verb. Translate the sentences into Russian. |
Model: | The weather is much better today than it was yesterday. My friend Peter works just as hard as the other students do. |
1. | Mr. Shaws speech was more interesting ____. |
2. | You speak English just as well ____. |
3. | Do you always drive as carefully ____. |
4. | There are more students in this class ____. |
5. | You look much happier today ____. |
6. | That brown cotton dress is less expensive ____. |
7. | Are you studying harder this semester ____. |
8. | Fred doesnt seem to be as nervous ____. |
9. | I hear less difference between those two words ____. |
10. | Mr. Wilson has much more money ____. |
11. | Does Mr. Moore have as many students this year ____. |
12. | I usually enjoy television programs more ____ |
13. | My secretary usually gets to the office earlier ____. |
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Exercise 8. | Complete each of these sentences with a subordinate clause of place. Translate the sentences into Russian. |
Model: | Would you please put those books back where they belong. Everywhere we went, we saw very interesting places. |
1. | Please dont sit where ____. |
2. | Just put your coat and hat wherever ____. |
3. | Wherever ____, you will also find much poverty. |
4. | We saw examples of neglect everywhere ____. |
5. | Every place ____, we stopped and asked for information. |
6. | You can park your car wherever ____. |
7. | Unfortunately, theres another car right where ____. |
8. | Everywhere ____, someone or other objected. |
9. | The police station is located where ____. |
10. | There are usually police stations wherever ____. |
11. | Every place ____, the people stared at as strangely. |
12. | This road is very dangerous where ____. |
13. | Roads are very dangerous wherever ____. |
Exercise 9. | Underline the subordinate clauses of time, see the way they are introduced and translate them into Russian. |
Model: | Our friends will wait for us here until we get back. |
1. | Mrs. Howell cut her finger while she was slicing the bread. |
2. | After I had asked her twice, the girl finally told me her name. |
3. | The maid is going to clean up the house before the guests arrive. |
4. | When I left for work this morning, it was raining very hard. |
5. | Please dont say anything to them until were sure about that. |
6. | Since I last spoke to you, I have a lot of trouble with my car. |
7. | As we were getting out of the car, the car started moving forward. |
8. | While you are getting ready, Im going to make a telephone call. |
9. | Im going to ask the teacher a question after the class is over. |
10. | Before he graduated in June, Bill had already been offered a job. |
11. | Ill be waiting right here when you come out of the building. |
12. | Until I had actually seen it myself, I could hardly believe it. |
13. | We havent received one letter from him since he left a month ago. |