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, , , , , , , , .

, (Ability)

, can. , , .

 

I can speak English and French. .
My little brother can count to ten. .
I can pick you up after school. .

 

can to be able to. can .

 

1. From our window we can see the Red Square. .
2. From our window we are able to see the Red Square.

 

can could.

 

He went to the country where he could finish his work. , .

, could was / were able to.

, .

 

Can he go to the bank tomorrow? Yes, he can. ? , .

 

, , can will be able to.

 

Doctors say Tom will be able to walk in a couple of weeks. , .

(Possibility)

, : may, might, can, could.

Can .

 

He can win the competition. ( 90%).

 

May , . Might , may.

 

The children may be at school now. , , (, 50/50).
He might be hungry. , , ( , 40%).

 

Could , might.

 

You could be right. Im not sure. , . .

 

Couldnt . could might not.

 

The film might not be any good. , .

 

(Perfect Infinitive) .

May / might / could + Perfect Infinitive ( ).

 

She may / migh / could have been thirty-five then. () .

Could + Perfect Infinitive -, , .

 

He could have had an accident. ( , ).

 

(Probability)

Will .

 

He will come back. .

 

Should / ought to (90%).

 

You should / ought to pass the exam. Youve worked hard. . .

 

Should / oughtto + Perfect Infinitive , , - , , .

 

Olga should / ought to have written a letter three days ago. Hasnt it arrived yet? . ?

 

(Logical Assumptions)

 

Must + Present Infinitive , - . Cant 100% , - .

 

They must be very rich. Look at their house! , . !
She cant be ill. Ive just seen her in the shop and she looked fine. , . , .

 

must cant (couldnt) Perfect Infinitive. , , , , - .

 

They must have forgotten to send us a copy of the telegram. , (), .
The cases must have been damaged during the transportation. , (), .

 

 

, (Request, Permission)

 

can , , . could , , , can. may , can could. might . , . will :

 

Can I use your telephone? ?
Could you do me a favour? ?
Could you tell me where the bank is, please? , ?
May I come in? ?
Will you give me something to eat? - ?
May I have a cup of tea? ?
Might I make a suggestion? ?

 

can (cannot) may (may not)( could might) , . may . Cant mustnt , - .

 

Can I use your pen? Yes, of course you can. ? , , .
Might I make a suggestion? Of course, you may. ? , .
May I come in? No, you may not. You mustnt open this box. ? . .

 

, (, ), can / cannot to be allowed to / to be not allowed to.

 

You are allowed to get married in Belarus when you are 18. / 18 .
Students are allowed to use these books free of charge. .

 

could / was allowed to, couldnt / wasnt allowed to.

 

Many years ago you could / were allowed to smoke in cinemas but now its banned. , .

(Offers, Suggestions)

 

Shall I / we...? ( , ).

 

Shall I carry your bag? .
Shall we dance? ./?

 

(Advice)

Should ought (to) , .

 

Youre always asking me for money. I think you should spend less. . ,
You ought to be more careful with your health. .

 

should ought (to) , .

 

You ought to help your elderly parents. .

 

, , should / shouldnt + Perfect Infinitive ought to + Perfect Infinitive.

 

You should / ought to have told them the truth. (but you didnt) ( ).
You shouldnt have gone there it was a mistake. (but you did) , ( ).

 

(Obligation)

 

Must + Present Infinitive , , .

 

And now I must go back to my duties. .
You must leave the room at once! !

 

To have to , , .

 

I have to go on a diet. .

 

must to have to .

 

I didnt have to make any decisions. .

 

(Necessity)

 

need Present Infinitive Passive -ing form .

 

My car needs to be repaired. My car needs repairing. .

 

Neednt / dont need to / dont have to + Present Infinitive .

 

We neednt / dont need to / dont have to talk to each other unless we feel like it. , .

 

Didnt need to / didnt have to + Present Infinitive . , .

 

She didnt need to / didnt have to carry the bags all by herself. There were porters at the station. . . ( , .)

 

Neednt + Perfect Infinitive , , .

 

She neednt have carried the bags all by herself. There were porters at the station. (But she did.) . . ( .)

 

EXERCISES

 

Exercise 1. Write these sentences using the correct form of can, could, or be ableto. Where two answers are possible, write them both.

 

Model: I ____ see you tomorrow. I ll be able to see you tomorrow. I can see you tomorrow.

 

1. It was too expensive I ____ buy it.
2. When I was younger, I ____ speak Italian much better than I ____ now.
3. I ____ see you next Monday at ten.
4. They didnt come to the restaurant they ____ (not) afford it.
5. It took a long time, but in the end Tony ____save enough to buy his own hi-fi.
6. ____ you help me carry this downstairs?
7. He ____ draw or paint at all when he was a boy, but now hes a famous artist.
8. Tom ____ drive but he hasnt got a car.
9. Did you buy any fresh fish in the market? No, I ____ get any.
10. I ____ come tomorrow, Im afraid. Im too busy.
11. When they came back from Paris they ____ speak perfect French.
12. I generally leave work at six, but I ____ leave earlier on Fridays.

 

Exercise 2. Choose the correct alternative.

 

1. The films been such a big success. I guess it ____ must be / cant be easy to get tickets to see it.
2. You ____ should have thought / might think about going to Spainfor your next holiday.
3. You ____ must be / cant be very proud of your son winning so many prizes
4. Why dont you phone Katie now? She ____ cant have left / must have left yet.
5. You ____ couldnt have gone / may go on holiday when youve just had a holiday.
6. They ____ may be / must have been away for the weekend but Im not sure.
7. They ____ cant have been / ought to be in Canada by now
8. Something wrong ____ must have happened / may happen to Olga. She is usually very punctual.
9. She ____ could have / cant have a ten-year-old daughter! Shes only twenty-one herself!
10. I dont know why you wanted to stay at that party. You ____ might have enjoyed / cant have enjoyed talking to all those boring people.
Exercise 3. Write what to say using can, could, may, might, shall, must, would, would you like, would you mind.There may be several possible answers.

 

Model: Offer to open the door for a stranger. Shall I open the door for you?

 

1. Ask your friends to join you for a meal.
2. Offer to make someone a sandwich.
3. Give someone permission to use your phone.
4. Suggest your friends to have a holiday with you.
5. Ask a friend for a pen.
6. You are at a party given by people you hardly know. You want to see their garden.
7. Offer to answer the phone.
8. Invite a friend to go for a swim this morning.
9. You are visiting a close friend and want to borrow his new car.
10. Ask someone to wait here for you.
11. Suggest going for a picnic this afternoon.
12. You are in a train. Ask another passenger if you can open the window.

 

Exercise 4. Fill in the blanks with can, could, might, must, should, would and appropriate forms of the verbs in brackets.

 

1. A. Whats the weather like? Is it raining?
  B. Not at the moment but it ____ later. (rain)
2. A. Where is Mum?
  B. Im not sure. She ____ to the bank. (go)
3. A. Why didnt you come to visit us yesterday?
  B. I had to work that evening, so I ____.(go)
4. A. I saw you in the cinema yesterday.
  B. No, you didnt. You ____ me. I didnt go out yesterday night. (see)
5. A. When did you post the letter to Mary?
  B. This morning. So she ____ it tomorrow. (get)
6. A. When was the last time you saw Bill?
  B. Years ago. I ____ him if I saw him now.(recognise)
7. A. We werent sure which way to go. In the end we turned right.
  B. You went the wrong way. You ____ left.(turn)
8.   What are you doing?! You ____ here, it is forbidden! (must)
9.   If I were you, I ____ him (marry)
10. A. Where are the children?
  B. I dont know exactly. They ____ in the garden.

 

Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks with appropriate forms of to have to and to be to.

 

1. She ____ to send a telegram because it was too late to send a letter.
2. You ____ to learn all the words for the next lesson.
3. Who ____ to go to the library to get the new books? I was, but I couldnt.
4. It is raining. You ____ to put on your raincoat.
5. The patient ____ to stay in bed for a few days, ordered the doctor.
6. The meeting ____ to begin at five oclock. Dont be late.
7. I ____ to help my friends with this work now, so I cannot go with you.
8. It was raining hard and we ____ to wait until it stopped raining.
9. I ____ to wear glasses as my eyesight is very weak.
10. They decided that she ____ to send them a telegram every tenth day.

 

Exercise 6. Choose the correct alternative.

 

1. You ____ shouldnt / neednt add any more salt. Its bad for you.
2. You ____ shouldnt / neednt add sugar to the tea. Its sweet.
3. You ____ shouldnt / dont have to eat so much chocolate. You will be fat.
4. You ____ may not / shouldnt enter after the bell goes.
5. Shall I get in touch with them? No, you ____ neednt / shouldnt.
6. Etiquette said that they all ____ had to / were to shake hands.
7. Nick came in and Mr. Thomson ____ had to / was to rise to shake hands.

 

Exercise 7. Paraphrase the following, using the modal verb need.

 

1. I see no reason why we should argue.
2. Is it so very necessary that you should go there at all?
3. There ia no use worring about her; she is quite able to take care of herself.
4. Whats the use of reproaching yourself!
5. I dint think there is any need to help them.
6. It was quite unnecessary for you to do the work instead of him.
Exercise 8. Complete the situations with the sentences using should have / shouldnt have.

 

1. The children normally go to bed at 10 oclock. It is now 10.30. They are not in bed; they are watching television. ____
2. We went for a walk. While we were walking, we got hungry but we hadnt brought anything with us to eat. Somebody said: We ____.
3. I went to Venice. Tom lives in Venice but I didnt go to see him while I was there. When I saw him later, he said: You ____.
4. The notice says that the shop is open every day from 7.30. It is now 9 oclock but the shop isnt open. ____
5. The driver in front stopped suddenly without warning and I drove into the back of his car. It wasnt my faul. ____

(The Preposition)

, , .

, .

, : in, on, at, by, to, with, from . .

.

, : inside , outside , throughout , upon , into . .

, , , , , , : because of -, instead of , by means of . .

, : during , including , conserning, regarding . .

 





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