, , , , , , , , .
, (Ability)
, can. , , .
I can speak English and French. | . |
My little brother can count to ten. | . |
I can pick you up after school. | . |
can to be able to. can .
1. | From our window we can see the Red Square. | . |
2. | From our window we are able to see the Red Square. |
can could.
He went to the country where he could finish his work. | , . |
, could was / were able to.
, .
Can he go to the bank tomorrow? Yes, he can. | ? , . |
, , can will be able to.
Doctors say Tom will be able to walk in a couple of weeks. | , . |
(Possibility)
, : may, might, can, could.
Can .
He can win the competition. | ( 90%). |
May , . Might , may.
The children may be at school now. | , , (, 50/50). |
He might be hungry. | , , ( , 40%). |
Could , might.
You could be right. Im not sure. | , . . |
Couldnt . could might not.
The film might not be any good. | , . |
(Perfect Infinitive) .
May / might / could + Perfect Infinitive ( ).
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She may / migh / could have been thirty-five then. | () . |
Could + Perfect Infinitive -, , .
He could have had an accident. | ( , ). |
(Probability)
Will .
He will come back. | . |
Should / ought to (90%).
You should / ought to pass the exam. Youve worked hard. | . . |
Should / oughtto + Perfect Infinitive , , - , , .
Olga should / ought to have written a letter three days ago. Hasnt it arrived yet? | . ? |
(Logical Assumptions)
Must + Present Infinitive , - . Cant 100% , - .
They must be very rich. Look at their house! | , . ! |
She cant be ill. Ive just seen her in the shop and she looked fine. | , . , . |
must cant (couldnt) Perfect Infinitive. , , , , - .
They must have forgotten to send us a copy of the telegram. | , (), . |
The cases must have been damaged during the transportation. | , (), . |
, (Request, Permission)
can , , . could , , , can. may , can could. might . , . will :
Can I use your telephone? | ? |
Could you do me a favour? | ? |
Could you tell me where the bank is, please? | , ? |
May I come in? | ? |
Will you give me something to eat? | - ? |
May I have a cup of tea? | ? |
Might I make a suggestion? | ? |
can (cannot) may (may not)( could might) , . may . Cant mustnt , - .
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Can I use your pen? Yes, of course you can. | ? , , . |
Might I make a suggestion? Of course, you may. | ? , . |
May I come in? No, you may not. You mustnt open this box. | ? . . |
, (, ), can / cannot to be allowed to / to be not allowed to.
You are allowed to get married in Belarus when you are 18. | / 18 . |
Students are allowed to use these books free of charge. | . |
could / was allowed to, couldnt / wasnt allowed to.
Many years ago you could / were allowed to smoke in cinemas but now its banned. | , . |
(Offers, Suggestions)
Shall I / we...? ( , ).
Shall I carry your bag? | . |
Shall we dance? | ./? |
(Advice)
Should ought (to) , .
Youre always asking me for money. I think you should spend less. | . , |
You ought to be more careful with your health. | . |
should ought (to) , .
You ought to help your elderly parents. | . |
, , should / shouldnt + Perfect Infinitive ought to + Perfect Infinitive.
You should / ought to have told them the truth. (but you didnt) | ( ). |
You shouldnt have gone there it was a mistake. (but you did) | , ( ). |
(Obligation)
Must + Present Infinitive , , .
And now I must go back to my duties. | . |
You must leave the room at once! | ! |
To have to , , .
I have to go on a diet. | . |
must to have to .
I didnt have to make any decisions. | . |
(Necessity)
need Present Infinitive Passive -ing form .
My car needs to be repaired. My car needs repairing. | . |
Neednt / dont need to / dont have to + Present Infinitive .
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We neednt / dont need to / dont have to talk to each other unless we feel like it. | , . |
Didnt need to / didnt have to + Present Infinitive . , .
She didnt need to / didnt have to carry the bags all by herself. There were porters at the station. | . . ( , .) |
Neednt + Perfect Infinitive , , .
She neednt have carried the bags all by herself. There were porters at the station. (But she did.) | . . ( .) |
EXERCISES
Exercise 1. | Write these sentences using the correct form of can, could, or be ableto. Where two answers are possible, write them both. |
Model: | I ____ see you tomorrow. I ll be able to see you tomorrow. I can see you tomorrow. |
1. | It was too expensive I ____ buy it. |
2. | When I was younger, I ____ speak Italian much better than I ____ now. |
3. | I ____ see you next Monday at ten. |
4. | They didnt come to the restaurant they ____ (not) afford it. |
5. | It took a long time, but in the end Tony ____save enough to buy his own hi-fi. |
6. | ____ you help me carry this downstairs? |
7. | He ____ draw or paint at all when he was a boy, but now hes a famous artist. |
8. | Tom ____ drive but he hasnt got a car. |
9. | Did you buy any fresh fish in the market? No, I ____ get any. |
10. | I ____ come tomorrow, Im afraid. Im too busy. |
11. | When they came back from Paris they ____ speak perfect French. |
12. | I generally leave work at six, but I ____ leave earlier on Fridays. |
Exercise 2. | Choose the correct alternative. |
1. | The films been such a big success. I guess it ____ must be / cant be easy to get tickets to see it. |
2. | You ____ should have thought / might think about going to Spainfor your next holiday. |
3. | You ____ must be / cant be very proud of your son winning so many prizes |
4. | Why dont you phone Katie now? She ____ cant have left / must have left yet. |
5. | You ____ couldnt have gone / may go on holiday when youve just had a holiday. |
6. | They ____ may be / must have been away for the weekend but Im not sure. |
7. | They ____ cant have been / ought to be in Canada by now |
8. | Something wrong ____ must have happened / may happen to Olga. She is usually very punctual. |
9. | She ____ could have / cant have a ten-year-old daughter! Shes only twenty-one herself! |
10. | I dont know why you wanted to stay at that party. You ____ might have enjoyed / cant have enjoyed talking to all those boring people. |
Exercise 3. | Write what to say using can, could, may, might, shall, must, would, would you like, would you mind.There may be several possible answers. |
Model: | Offer to open the door for a stranger. Shall I open the door for you? |
1. | Ask your friends to join you for a meal. |
2. | Offer to make someone a sandwich. |
3. | Give someone permission to use your phone. |
4. | Suggest your friends to have a holiday with you. |
5. | Ask a friend for a pen. |
6. | You are at a party given by people you hardly know. You want to see their garden. |
7. | Offer to answer the phone. |
8. | Invite a friend to go for a swim this morning. |
9. | You are visiting a close friend and want to borrow his new car. |
10. | Ask someone to wait here for you. |
11. | Suggest going for a picnic this afternoon. |
12. | You are in a train. Ask another passenger if you can open the window. |
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Exercise 4. | Fill in the blanks with can, could, might, must, should, would and appropriate forms of the verbs in brackets. |
1. | A. | Whats the weather like? Is it raining? |
B. | Not at the moment but it ____ later. (rain) | |
2. | A. | Where is Mum? |
B. | Im not sure. She ____ to the bank. (go) | |
3. | A. | Why didnt you come to visit us yesterday? |
B. | I had to work that evening, so I ____.(go) | |
4. | A. | I saw you in the cinema yesterday. |
B. | No, you didnt. You ____ me. I didnt go out yesterday night. (see) | |
5. | A. | When did you post the letter to Mary? |
B. | This morning. So she ____ it tomorrow. (get) | |
6. | A. | When was the last time you saw Bill? |
B. | Years ago. I ____ him if I saw him now.(recognise) | |
7. | A. | We werent sure which way to go. In the end we turned right. |
B. | You went the wrong way. You ____ left.(turn) | |
8. | What are you doing?! You ____ here, it is forbidden! (must) | |
9. | If I were you, I ____ him (marry) | |
10. | A. | Where are the children? |
B. | I dont know exactly. They ____ in the garden. |
Exercise 5. | Fill in the blanks with appropriate forms of to have to and to be to. |
1. | She ____ to send a telegram because it was too late to send a letter. |
2. | You ____ to learn all the words for the next lesson. |
3. | Who ____ to go to the library to get the new books? I was, but I couldnt. |
4. | It is raining. You ____ to put on your raincoat. |
5. | The patient ____ to stay in bed for a few days, ordered the doctor. |
6. | The meeting ____ to begin at five oclock. Dont be late. |
7. | I ____ to help my friends with this work now, so I cannot go with you. |
8. | It was raining hard and we ____ to wait until it stopped raining. |
9. | I ____ to wear glasses as my eyesight is very weak. |
10. | They decided that she ____ to send them a telegram every tenth day. |
Exercise 6. | Choose the correct alternative. |
1. | You ____ shouldnt / neednt add any more salt. Its bad for you. |
2. | You ____ shouldnt / neednt add sugar to the tea. Its sweet. |
3. | You ____ shouldnt / dont have to eat so much chocolate. You will be fat. |
4. | You ____ may not / shouldnt enter after the bell goes. |
5. | Shall I get in touch with them? No, you ____ neednt / shouldnt. |
6. | Etiquette said that they all ____ had to / were to shake hands. |
7. | Nick came in and Mr. Thomson ____ had to / was to rise to shake hands. |
Exercise 7. | Paraphrase the following, using the modal verb need. |
1. | I see no reason why we should argue. |
2. | Is it so very necessary that you should go there at all? |
3. | There ia no use worring about her; she is quite able to take care of herself. |
4. | Whats the use of reproaching yourself! |
5. | I dint think there is any need to help them. |
6. | It was quite unnecessary for you to do the work instead of him. |
Exercise 8. | Complete the situations with the sentences using should have / shouldnt have. |
1. | The children normally go to bed at 10 oclock. It is now 10.30. They are not in bed; they are watching television. ____ |
2. | We went for a walk. While we were walking, we got hungry but we hadnt brought anything with us to eat. Somebody said: We ____. |
3. | I went to Venice. Tom lives in Venice but I didnt go to see him while I was there. When I saw him later, he said: You ____. |
4. | The notice says that the shop is open every day from 7.30. It is now 9 oclock but the shop isnt open. ____ |
5. | The driver in front stopped suddenly without warning and I drove into the back of his car. It wasnt my faul. ____ |
(The Preposition)
, , .
, .
, : in, on, at, by, to, with, from . .
.
, : inside , outside , throughout , upon , into . .
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, , , , , , : because of -, instead of , by means of . .
, : during , including , conserning, regarding . .