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. , , , , , - .. . , , , -, . ( ), (soft money). , , . -, , -, , -, .

: XVIII . , , . XX ., , , , . 1930- . .

, . , - . , , , . , , , , , . (Nimmo D. The Political Persuaders. The Techniques of Modem Election Campaigns. Englewood Cliffs, 1970). , , , -

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I , , . ( , ) , , , , . : --- (CNBC), New York Times . , , , .

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. , . , , , . , . .

, , . , . . -, ; , . , , , . , , . . , . , , (Know-Nothings) .

, , , , . 1998 ., , 1 . , . , , : 6,8 . ; 5,8 . ; 3 . -, .. ; 2,81 . Prozac (); 1 . , 1 . (65% ). . , , .

, 10 . . 10 , . (Nadine Strossen) {American Civil Liberties Union), 10 , . , , , , . , {Ed Zuckerman), , , 2530 ; 1972 . . , , , .

, , - , ? , . , , ; , , . , , ; , 40 . .

, , , . , . , ( , , ) . , , , . . . , , , .

, . , , , . II .. {Dio Cassius) , , . , , , - -, , , , , , , - {Rush Limbaugh).

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{Paul Fussel), , , .., , . , , , .

. XIX . {Charles Mackay) South Sea Bubble , . , , , , . , . , , , , , , , . . , , , , , , {Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the madness of Crowds, 1841). .

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, . , , 1758 . . , 160 39 , . . . , , - , , .

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, , . , - . , , - , , , . , . , , 1789 .

, , . 1787 . , {Theodore Sedgwick) , {John Bacon), , . , . , . 1789 . {James Madison) {James Monroe), .

, , , . , , , , .

, . , . {John Beckley).

. . {Thomas Jefferson), 1796 . , . -, , , 30 .. , . , 12 . . . , . . , , , . - 1796 . (John Adams), - .

1800 . , , -, . , , , , , , , , . .

, {Andrew Jackson) 1828 . , . - {Martin van Buren), . , , . -. . , {Thomas Hart Benton) , (Alan Campbell) , . -.

, . , , ,

, (Get-out-the-vote).

, .. , . -, . , . -, , , , . , . , . , (Old Hickory), , 1812 . , , . . , , .

, , . , , , , , 50 . 1840 . 67- (William Henry Harrison) , , . , . , , , - (General Mum). 6 1840 . . , . , . . , . , - . , , , . , , {William Oggden Niles) (Tippicanoe Text Book) 95 , .

XIX . 1896 . (William Jennings Bryan), , : 18 . , 600 27 5 . - (William McKinley) . (Marc Hanna), ; 1400 , .

, . , . . , 1896 . , 1996 ., , , 513 . , , , - .

, (Edward Bernays). , (Woodrow Wilson) . . (Calvin Coolidge) {Dwight Eisenhover) . (The Engineering of Consent). , , , , , . 1920- . , , .

, (Clem Whitaker) (Leone Baxter) , . , , 700 . , , . , . , , . 1934 1958 . 75 , 70 . (Frank Merriam), (Earl Warren) (Goodwin Knight).

, . , , , , . , , , , .

1950- ., , . 1950 ., 1952 . . -. , , (Adlai Stevenson). , 1952 ., , , , , .

, , 1960 . , , . , . . , , , . , (





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