.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


-




*

 

 


3.

 

, . . , , , .., . . , . , . , . , , . , .., , , , , : .

, . : 1) , , , (., victim '', prey ''; pleasure '', delight ', , ', joy '', enjoyment ', , ', delectation '' ..), 2) (., I'm grateful (thankful) to you (for help) ' ', I'm grateful (thankful) for all you have done for me ' , '; It's a hard (difficult) problem (book, language) ' (, )'). , , , , , (., mother '', wife '', daughter '', doctor '' .. , ). , , , , , . , , , , , , . , , ., , .

, , , ... " , , , ", - .. (18, 193). : " , , , , . , , , " (18,196).

, , , , . . , ., , , : 1) ; 2) , ; 3) , ;. 4) . , , , . . .., :

1) : refuse ', ' - reject ', ';

2) , : repudiate '' - refuse ', ';

3) : lect ', ' - decline ', , .

4) , : thrifty ', ' - economical ', ';

5) , : decease . ', ' - death '';

6) , : passing . '' -death '';

7) , : turn down ', ' refuse ', ';

8) , : Scots-flesher . '' - butcher '';

9) : daddy . ', ' - father ''.

, , , .. . , rancid ', ' bacon '', butter '', addled ', ' egg ''. , , . , - , , . , , , .

, , : , , , .. , .. - . 4 : ) , ) , ) ) .

, . , , , , , ( , ). .. , , , .. (, , , , ) (, , , , , , , , , , ..). , , . , associate, pal comrade ', ', companion '', ', '. Associate, pal, comrade ; , ( , ..). Companion . , , , . expert ', ' skilful ', , ': expert , skilful. surprise '', astonish '', amaze ''; cool '', cold '', frosty '', icy ''. / gather, collect, assemble ' - '. Gather . Collect , assemble , .

, . - . Stir, flurry, fuss, ado, , , (. . , , ). , , , - .

. Jump, leap, spring, bound, skip, hop ' ' . Jump . Leap , , , . Spring bound , bound . Skip hop, , , , . Skip , , , . , , , , ; , , .

hard, difficult ', - '. hard . Difficult , .

, , , , , .

. . , part : 1) piece, parcel, section, segment, fragment; scrap, crumb; moiety, remnant, portion, section, division, subdivision; 2) member, organ, constituent, element, component, ingredient; 3) share, portion, lot; 4) concern, interest, participation; 5) allotment, lot, divident, apportionment; 6) business, charge, duty, office, function, work; 7) side, party, interest, concern, faction; 8) character, role, cue, lines; 9) portion, passage, clause; paragraph.

, , . , , , . leave leave, abandon, desert, . . forsake ', , -., -.; , , '. hate, loathe, detest, abominate, abhor ', , -.' hate.

, , , . , . , , , brotherly, fraternal '', buy, purchase '', world, universe ', ' . , , , . : begin, commence, initiate ', ', end, finish, conclude ', ' .

4.

 

, , . , , , , . ., , , , (9, 476). , , , , , . , , , -, . , , , , , , . : tall/short ''/'', dead/alive ''/'', raw/cooked ''/' ' .. , , . , , .

, : , , , .. - . , . .., , :

1. () , : X, ( young '' - not young/not old ''/'' - old '').

2. , .. ? →← (., come '' leave '').

3. () X, , . , . ., married '' ' single '', true '' false '' .

4. , , , .., , . ., buy '' - sell '', win '' - lose '' .. , , , . . , , , , , . , , big '' - small '', , . . a small elephant ' ' a big mouse ' ', : , , . , - . , Our house is not big ' ', Our house is small ' '. , , .. . , , .. . , John is single ' ', , John is not married ' ', : , John is married ' ', , . , (. , ), . husband/wife ''/'', parent/child 'po'/'', doctor/patient ''/'', lend/borrow ' '/' ', give/receive ''/'' , tie/untie ''/'', wind/unwind ', '/'' .

, (., North/West/East '//'; East/Noith/South ''/''/''), (., summer/ winter ''/'', North/South ''/'', East/West '/'), - (., learn/know ''/'', know/forget ''/'') (arrive/depart ''/'').

. clever/stupid ''/'', slow/fast ''/'', love/hate ''/''. ( ) , , , , . : happy/unhappy ''/'', merciful/merciless ''/', ' .. () .

, .. , . .: dust ', ; , '. , , , .

, , , - . : , , .., , .

 

 

 

, ! , .

.

.

, , .

, .

. - .

.

. .

. .

 

 

 

1. .. // .; .; .. . - . ̄ 1979.

2. .. . ., 1986.

3. .. : . .... . . . ., 1976.

4. .. . ., 1976.

5. .. . ., 1974.

6. .. . ., 1986.

7. .. . ., 1980.

8. .. . ̄ 1963.

9. . . ., 1978.

10. . // . . 23. . ., 1988.

11. .. . ., 1988.

12. .. . ., 1973.

13. .. . ., 1984.

14. .; .. . , 1984.

15. .. . ., 1956.

16. . // . . 5. .., 1970.

17. .. // . . 14. . - ., 1983.

18. .. : . ., 1977.

19. .. . ., 1974.

20. Quirk R. The Use of English // .., .., .; .. . ., 1969.

21. Palmer F.R. Semantics. A new outline. M., 1982.


VI.

1.

 

(. ), . , . , , , , . , , - , . , , , , , , "" . , , , , , 70% , .. , , , .

- , , , , , - , , . , , , . , , , , , , , , , .. .

, , .. , , , . ., , teacher '', writer '', baker '', winner '', traveller '', coolness '', kindness '', sadness ', ' , , .

, , . . , to table ', ', to father ' , , , ; ', to knife ' , * , a cut ', , ', run ', ' .. . . () , . , , . (. , ., , ..) to week-end ' ', to blacklist ' ', to handlist ' ' .., , , , - (. ).

, , - , , . - .

, - . , , .

, . , , , . : cautious '', division ', ', fraternal '', fraternity '' .

, , : , , - ( , , ) ( ). , . , , .

2. . .

 

, , , .. , , . , , , , . ( ) , , ( ). , . . , 6000 7,5% , . , pedestrianize ' ', extralinguistic '', witster ' ', to leaflet ' ', pageturner ' ' .

, , 70% , .. .

, . , , , , .

., , , , , . a , . . .

, . , , , ., , , . , , , . "" , . , (., swim '' swimming '', smoke '' - smoking '', move '' movement '' .) . , .. (. as black as coal ' ' coal-black, as cold as ice ' ' ice-cold, to fly aimlessly around the town just like a butterfly ' , ' to butterfly), .

, , , , , . . , (. . "The Grammar of English Nominalizations" . (23,59), , , "" , .. , . , , Someone pays something to someone on some day , , : payer, payee, payment, paying, pay, payday ..

: , - , .

, , , . , . . 'It would take only four words: "Will you marry me?" That's the only anti-loneliness, Doug.' (I.Wallace. The Man) ' : " ?" . '; His mother... says she thinks her soon-to-be ex-husband is lying. (S.King.It) ' , , , - , '; I planned to hire someone to housesit for us while we are gone - these days you can't be too careful (J. Walker. Stormy Weather) ' - , '.

, , , . . "A great book... a landmark in American literature... and it will probably sell a zillion copies". (S.King. It) ' ... ... , , '.

, . , , , , , . , ., - . , , . , , , , . , , , , , , "" , .

, .. , , , , . , , .

, , , .. , , , .

, , ?

, , .. , , , , . , . , .. , (, , ) , . , atomic '', beautiful '', carpetless ' ' atom '', beauty '' carpet '' (. . , , .). , , . 1 : , / . . , , . , , , , . : , , , . , ( , , , , , ), , , , . . , , . performance '', election '', beginning '', arrangement ' ', thoughtfulness '' perform, elect, begin, arrange, thoughtful perform-, elect-, begin-, arrange-, thoughtful-. , : wind-driven ' ', frost-bitten '', unknown '', driven, bitten, known. (., "British Broadcasting Corporation", UNO "United Nations Organization',' GPO "General Post Office"), (., interpol "International police", doc "doctor", vet "veterenarian", flu "influenza", Sec "second", lab "laboratory", ad "advertisement"), (., brunch (breakfast + lunch).

, , . , , . , , . , , , , , , : - , , .. .

, , , , , , (., , radar '' (radio detecting and ranging), transistor '' (transfer + resistor) .).

, , , . , , , , , . , , . .. , " , , , , , , " (1, 107). .., .. . " .., .., , . , " (7, 28). , , .

- , (. . learn '' pupil '', learn '' - learner ', heal '' - doctor '', heal '' -healer '', . - , - ..), (. Board1 '', board2 '', board3 ', ' ..).

, . , 9 , . , , -ic tragic '', comic '', -ous anxious '', cautious '' .., , . historic '', economic '', nervous '', melodious '' -ic, -bus , . , , {. "").

, . (, dependent + in- → independent '', weak + -ness → weakness '', appear + re- → reappear ' ' ..), . (, air + line → airline '', coal + basin → coal-basin ' ', ill + luck → ill-luck '') . , (., to hammer ' , ', to nail ' , ', a move '', a run ', '), , . , .

, , , , .

, . , , . , , , , , , , .

, .. , , . , - . , - .

, , , ..-, - .., , , .. , ..-, - , . , . .. - . , - - .

, n + -1 →. , -ly: womanly '', manly '', kingly '' .., - , , , .., -ly .

. (Ableitungstyp) " " Wortnischen, .. , , , , - Wortstanden.

, , , , , , .

, , , -: .

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