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Change of grammatical forms




GRAMMATICAL FORM EXAMPLE TRANSLATION
Noun > adjective Mainly in the redwood forest, it had the quality of a raw northwestern logging town transported to suburban San Francisco , , -.
Noun > adjective Like his old teacher Wallace Stegner, like his friend Larry McMurtry, he had the western artists respect for legend. , , .
Participle 2>noun   Participle 1> verb   Noun > adjective The bus waited outside, unguarded, broadcasting Ray Charles, attracting hostile attention with its demented Goldwater slogan. , , , .
Noun > verb Other citizens offered the finger and limp-wristed Heil Hitlers. .  
Noun > verb They filmed everything in sight and recorded everything in earshot. , , .

 

In the process of translation I also came across a number of grammatical phenomena. It is known, that English is typically characterized by the wide use of Gerund, Participle I and II, and Infinitive. Some examples are shown in Table 16, Table 17, Table 18 and Table 19.

 

Table 16

GERUND

EXAMPLE TRANSLATION FUNCTION
The area had a bohemian tradition going back to the time of the economist and sociologist Thorstein Veblen, who lived there at the beginning of the twentieth century. , . Adverbial modifier of time
There were stoned poetry readings, also lion hunts on the midnight dark golf course where chanting lion hunters danced to bogus veldt rhythms pounded out on their kitchenware. , , , , , . Object
Somehow the sun- starved, fern- and moss-covered quality of their new place affected the mood of the partying. , , , . Object
The dim winter day in 1963 when I first drove up to the La Honda house, truant from my attempts at writing a novel, I knew that the future lay before us and I was certain that we owned it. 1963 , , , , , . Object
Older heads will remember how the seeds were removed from bud clusters by shaking them loose onto the inverted top of a shoebox. , , . Adverbial modifier of manner

Table 17

PARTICIPLE I

EXAMPLE TRANLATION FUNCTION
The house in the redwoods increasingly became a kind of auxiliary residence and clubhouse cookouta semipermanent encampment of people passing through, sleeping off the previous nights party, hoping for more of whatever there had been or might be. - , , , , . Attribute
Leaving the dairy business to his brother Chuck, Kesey had become an academic champion as well, a Woodrow Wilson graduate fellow at Stanford. , , .   Adverbial modifier of manner
We and our kids took our places on top of the bus, ducking trees on our way through Central Park. , . Adverbial modifier of manner
He kept trying to find the message beyond the words, to see the words God had written in fire. , , . Part of a predicate

 

Table 18

PARTICIPLE II

EXAMPLE TRANSLATION FUNCTION
Suddenly, the place was filled with people painted all colors. , . Attribute
She and her husband, the writer Jay Landesman, were responsible for the 1959 Broadway play called The Nervous Set. , , 1959 . . Attribute

 

Table 19

INFINITIVE

EXAMPLE FUNCTION TRANSLATION
Some years before Cuckoos Nest, Ken had written an unpublished Nathanael West-like Hollywood story based on Keseys unsuccessful attempt to break into the picture business as an actor. Attribute , , . .
Kesey wanted them to hear him. Complex Object .
Kesey, as master of the revels sixty years later, did a great deal to advance that tradition. Part of a predicate 60 , , .
When the Keseys moved to La Honda, it became necessary to drive about fifteen miles up the hill to see them Adverbial modifier of purpose -, 15 , .

ARTICLES

A

1. Drugs played a part, including the then legal LSD and other substances in experimental use at the VA hospital in Menlo Park, where Ken had worked. , , -, .

2. The house in the redwoods increasingly became a kind of auxiliary residence and clubhouse cookouta semipermanent encampment of people passing through, sleeping off the previous nights party, hoping for more of whatever there had been or might be. - , , , , .

3. More than the inhabitants of any other decade before us, we believed ourselves in a time of our own making. , , , , .

4. Somehow, he and his friends the sports car driver George Walker and the photographer Mike Hagen managed to buy a 1939 International Harvester school bus and refashion it into a kind of disarmed personnel carrier, with welded compartments inside and an observation platform that looked like a U-boats conning tower on top. , , , 1939 .

The

1. The Keseys had lived there while Ken did his graduate work at the university and afterward. , , .

2. The area had a bohemian tradition going back to the time of the economist and sociologist Thorstein Veblen, who lived there at the beginning of the twentieth century. , .

Another very important aspect I had to pay attention to is Conditional Clauses. The authors resorted to such structures to discuss the potential effects of games. Some examples are given in the Table 20.

Table 20

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

EXAMPLE TYPE TRANSLATION
If American literature ever had a favorite son, distilled from the native grain, it was Kesey. II , , .
If I hadnt seen him around in the past I would have thought this Kerouac was an imposter tooI couldnt believe how miserable he was, how much he hated all the people who were in awe of him. III , , , : , , , .
If it seems strange that my copy of this hipster testament came from my mother, it would have seemed far more improbableat least to methat I would one day be sharing the mercies of Mexico with some of the characters from the book. Mixed , , .

I have also found some examples of paired conjuctions. These are conjuctions that links balanced words, phrases and clauses. They can be seen in the table below.

Table 21

PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS

EXAMPLE TRANSLATION
If the roadside grub was not as tasty as it had been in Kerouacs day, at least the grades were better. , , , .
How the parrot survived its friendship with Cassady is beyond me; as far as I remember neither he nor anyone else ever fed the bird. , ; , , - .
Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward were not only the biggest stars in America then, but conscientious and gifted artists, and politically involved. , .
It was said later that one was either on the bus or off the bus no vain remark, mind you, but an insight of staggering profundity , - , , .

 

Of particular interest in the text are emphatic constructions, which the authors exploited to give emphasis to some serious issues. The most interesting cases of translating emphatic constructions are shown in Table 22.

Table 22





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