() () 1, 2 3 (. 3.3). , , , , c = (24)103 /, 100 . . l .
. 3.3 |
, . . -, , . (k ~ f 1,5). ( , ) , . , ( ).
. : () , , , . . , , . n p n- : , . p n p- , , n n- .
. 4.1 |
() . 4.1. (, U x , . . U x = U = f f, f f , ). , . . U x U K: U x = U = fK f, fK .
, U x, U x, . , f = 0. , , R C , .
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C p1 p2 , , , . p1 p2 .
: p n- - -
( n -) ; . , R 1 R 2 (R 1 R 2 ), f f .
, U x= = E (R 2 / (R 1 + R 2)) U x≈ ( , U x≈ ), , U x≈ , p n - , , U x≈ ( U x= + U x≈ >0), . p n - I . I << I I ≈ I . , I R K D UR = I K R K. , fK = D UR = I K R K , , . . U x.
I U S = D I K/D U , . [/], - . ,
U x = fK f = I K R K = S U R K = S R K(U x= + U x≈) =
= S R K U x= S R K U x≈.
U =, U x≈ = S R K U x≈.
, , . , 180).
KU = | U x≈/ U x≈| = S R K.
, , , . S , - ( I U I U ).
.
-, C p1 p2. , . , , . . ( ). , , . , . , , , :
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f= = U x= = E (R 2 / (R 1 + R 2));
fK= = U x= = S RKUx=.
, , , . p, , .
. 4.1 . : R . . , , , . ( ) , -, f f. , f , R : f = I R , I . , R I , , . R , . ; f .
, .
1. () KU = SR K - .
. 4.2 |
2. () U x≈ U x≈ (. 4.2). α, KU = tg α. U x≈ U , (U x > > U max) .
3. KI . , , I = I K/ I . I << I , I = I , KI >> 1.
4. KP = KUKI, , .
5. 180.
6. R x R 1, R 2 n - : r = I / U . R 1 R 2, , r , .
7. R x R K ( ), r = I / U ( r ).
. 4.3 |
8. - KU = KU (f), f (. 4.3). , . , C p1 p2 , . R , . , ( , , R K), ( S).
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9. Df = Df(f). Df = 180 . - C p1 p2 , - .
, () .
() (. 4.4) : R K1 R K2. C . C , , KU = S (R K1 + R K2). C R K2, KU = SR K1.
. 4.4 |
C , ( ).
. -, R K L (. 4.5) (). ,
. 4.5 |
KU = S =
= S .
L , . , (. 4.6). .
() , C . R , . C ( ) R , KU .
C , . - , KU .
. 4.6 |
() . 4.7. , . , f = = nst. , , .
R 1 R 2 U x = E (R 2 / (R 1 + R 2)).
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R : . (, 50 75 ), R R = R ( ). , , R , R - .
. 4.7 |
. , f = U + f, f = = I R . , U x = U + U . U x , p n - , I U x = I R . , I f, . , , , f , f.
.
1. U , , 1. :
U x = U + U x = U + I R ≈ U + I R = U + S U R ,
U x = I R ≈ S U R .
KU = U x/ U x = SR /(1 + SR ) < 1.
2.
I = I / I = I / I >> 1.
3. P KI. , P > 1, OK - , , U .
4. Dj = 0 ( f f ).
5. . R x , , R 1, R 2 r = I / U . , , I , U ( f f ). R x - .
6. R B = R .
7. U x = F (U x) a < 45 (a = 45 KU = 1). U x = E , D U min f max = E U K min < E.
8. - KU = KU (f) , . , . - , R x . - , R x . , .
9. Dj = Dj(f) (Dj > 0) (Dj < 0).
() . 4.8. ( U x , ). ; , , , U x = fK, . . U x≈ . , , , .
R 1, R 2, P1, P2 R K , . , , C R . C . : , f = 0 , , n- (f > f), ( ). , , f = = E (R 2 / (R 1 + R 2)).
. 4.8 |
R , . . U x≈ , f , U = f f = f= f p n - - . I , I K ≈ I , R K, fK = I K R K . fK≈ ≈ U x≈, U x≈ U x≈. U x≈ . KU = U x≈/ U x≈ = (I K R K)/(I R ) ≈≈ R K/ R .
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I = I / I = I / I ≈ 1.
, , . R = R . : , R K > R ( KU ), ; , R x , R . R , .
R R K (r K + R ) .
. U , U , , , , .
- U = U (f) , ( U < U O). , , , R x, R x , . , , R x , R x .
Dj = Dj(f) (Dj > 0) (Dj < 0).