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( ) 10




, only, almost, at least . ., , : 'The train only stays in the siding for a minute or so,' Celia said. (P. Abrahams) Just for a moment Crawford was at a loss. (C. P. Snow)

: , , . , , , , - , /.

. , , / , . : . (The door opened. (J. Lindsay), , , . , , . , , : A long silence followed. (J. Lindsay) (. A long silence). - , , , - -: 'Do you want to make money, Lewis?' ' I want everything that people call success.' (C. P. Snow)

- . . , -, -, ,


. . . , , - . , . , - . , - , , , . , , , , , .

3.3.10. . , came late Even he came late, , , , even. , , , he came late, , , , it is unexpected. , .

, , , , , , , , . , , . , , , - . , , (, Please open the door , , , . .) , , ( , , , , , . . . .). - . . , ,


, , , .

, , , , , . : S (presupposes) S' , S' S S (. . S) S'. S' , S.

, , , , -, ( , , - ) , -, . Even he came late Even he did not come late . , , , : contrary to my expectations. . Susan knows that Bill is ill I consider that S as fact, . . . Susan does not know that Bill is ill .

. , ( ) , .

, : , , .

, , .

, . - . , , . . - . . , , , (., , Does Susan know that Bill is ill?). -

26!


. , , , . , , . , , , .

, . , , . , , , . * John's brother attends primary school, and John has a brother . : John has a brother, and John's brother attends primary school. , : *The man who died died.

. , , , , , , . ( ). , , , , , 1. , , . , , , , , , , , , .

3.3.11. . , , ( , , .: to know smth to be aware / cognizant of smth to have knowledge of smth), ( ), , , - . , Susan knows that Bill is ill Susan

1 , , . . ( ), ( ),


knows S, Bill is ill, Susan thinks that Bill is ill, , Susan thinks S - Bill is ill.

. , , , . Susan knows that Bill is ill Bill is ill , , , . Bill is ill Susan thinks that Bill is ill. , . , . , , , , , .

to know. to think - . , to say, to declare, to report, to remember, to announce , .

to admit, to amuse, to bother, to confess, to discover, to ignore, to realise, to regret ., glad, exciting, important, lucky, proud, regrettable, remarkable . - : to assume, to believe, to imagine, to seem, to think ., : certain, eager, likely, possible, sure .

- : was happy to be helpful was eager to be helpful.

To, , , , . (*Susan knows that Kiev is the capital of Georgia) - (Susan thinks that Kiev is the capital of Georgia). , , , (*I do not know that Kiev is the capital of the Ukraine). ( , ) ( , ) .

, , , . , - , . . ( +/- / .)


-
that S → the fact that S + Susan regrets that Bill is ill. → Susan regrets the fact that Bill is ill. Susan thinks that Bill is ill. -/→ * Susan thinks the fact that Bill is ill.
that S → +... → Susan regrets Bill's being ill. ...-/→ Susan thinks of Bill's being ill.
that S→ ...Susan regrets Bill's illness. ... -/→ Susan thinks of Bill's illness.
that ... -/→ * Susan regrets Bill is ill. +...→ Susan thinks Bill is ill.
that S + It matters to me that there are morning and evening papers. → That there are morning and evening papers matters to me. It seems to me that there are morning and evening papers. → * That there are morning and evening papers seems to me.

, , , . : - (, , -) . .: * Susan regrets Bill to be ill Susan believes Bill to be ill.

, .: * Bill is odd to be ill Bill is likely to be ill.

- . , .

. ,


, , . . . Mary knew that the Earth is round *Mary assumed that the Earth is round.

, , /-. , , - , (That she was unhappy in her marriage was suspected by many), - (It was suspected by many that she was unhappy in her marriage).

3.3.12. . , . .

, , / . , , , : I dislike his attitude towards you I know his attitude towards you; It is important that he has noticed their absence It is unlikely that he has noticed their absence.

to bother, to regret, to resent, anxious, comical, vital, happiness, pity, tragedy. - to anticipate, to forget, to know, aware, probable, well-known, (keep in) mind .

, , ( ) -.

- .

(very) much, - . . I dislike his attitude towards you (very) much *I know his attitude towards you (very) much.

, - , , (very) well, . . I know his attitude towards you (very) well *I dislike his attitude towards you (very) well I am well aware of his attitude towards you *It is well urgent to fetch the note.

, . ,


, . , . , , .

3.3.13. . . She managed to conceal her distress from her friend.

, to conceal. , , she concealed.... , , . , , . . She managed to conceal... conceal, She didn't manage to conceal... , .

- , , .

, - , , , . , , She tried to conceal her distress from her friend. , to conceal, . , . . She didn't try to conceal her distress from her friend. : to conceal.

She didn't try to conceal her distress from her friend : .

( to begin, to continue, to finish . ., to enter, to stay, to leave) . , 1), 4) 2). 1) 3), 4) 5):

I) On the 1st of January he began to work.


2) On the 1st of January he did not begin to work.

3) Some time before the 1st of January he was not working.

4) Some time after the 1st of January he was working.

5) Some time after the 1st of January he was not working.

, , , , . , , () . , , , ( ) . , 9 18 , . , I rang the burglar alarm I ran to the burglar alarm . . ( , ) 36 , , , , , , : Mr. Ransom rang the burglar alarm. Mr. Ransom did not ring the burglar alarm. , ( ) , , . , , (, beat his wife) (, Do you still beat your wife?), , .

3.4.1. . . ( ) , , , . , , , , .


, , , . , , , . , . , , , , , . , . , .

1 , , , . , , , , , . e. .

3.4.2. . . . , . () , . ,

1 , ( ) , . e. . . , ó, , .


- , - 1.

. ., , Cornel Cornel, . I'll watch you , . , . , , . , , , (. 3.4.3).

, ( ), - ( ).





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