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( ) 9




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1 ., . ., . 29, . 194. 248


- (-) , (. *They gilded the spire with gold). , - . , , , , , , (-) (-). , - , .

, , . . They gilded the spire with the gold specially processed for this purpose. , .

? , , . . , .

. - , . , , : to drizzle, to rain, to snow. , , , . . , , - . .

: .

:

: to foot 'to knit the foot of, e. g. a stocking'

to colonise 'to establish a colony in' : to carpet 'to cover with carpet'

to alcoholise 'to saturate with alcohol' : to arm 'to supply weapons and armour'

to pit 'to remove the pit from' : to chisel 'to cut with a chisel'

to hammer 'to strike or beat with a hammer'


: to corner 'to force into a corner' to hole 'to get (a ball) into a hole'

: to summer 'to stay or reside during the summer' to winter 'to stay or reside during the winter'.

, . , , . , . . . , . to work as a metal worker, . . to work as a (farm) labourer, . . to work as a furrier . .

. struck me on the knee struck my knee, to strike. , , , . : to strike

[_ ], [_ ]. : -. , . .

, , → . .:

 

drew lines on the paper, draw [_ ] He lined the paper, line [_]
He put a saddle on the horse. put [_] He saddled the horse, saddle [_]

- - .

, : , . .:

/ put oil on/into smth ()

oil

\ lubricate smth with oil ().

3.3.5. .


, , . . . , . . : , , 1. . House , , , , , . , . , , , the rotation of the Earth around the Sun, 2.

, ( , . ) . , - , . (, ) , , : a/the man, Popov, he, one, the inventor of the radio, the discovery of the neutrino. ( , .)

, . , - .

, , (Popov, the inventor of the radio, this/ the man), (Satan) , , - (a table, man (man is mortal) (an angel). , . , .

1 . .., 1931, . 12, /251.

2 , , . : , . ,


. (Mt. Everest, Europe, France . .). , , (a Mr. Eyre (. Bront), , , - , , ( : the Fieta of ny years ago (P. Abrahams); the Lanny who had first arrived home from Cape Town (P. Abrahams). .

. , . . : he man standing at the window / The man who is standing at the window / The man (over there) at the window / The man is my professor. ( : , , .)

3.3.6. . ; , . , . , the murderer of Smith, , The murderer of Smith is insane ( . ) () , , Jones ( , , . , ) / , , ( , , . , ). The murderer of Smith is insane .

, , , , , is insane ,


, ( is insane, I state), ( is insane, I think), : is insane, I think must be insane to hove done it (that way).

The murderer of Smith is insane the murderer of Smith (, -, - ), , the murderer of Smith, , . (Jones ), (Jones ). . , . .

. . , :

. . , ( : murder → murderer (assassin, one who killed Smith . .), : is insane (ruthless, cunning, strong . .).

X is the President of the U. S. . , the President of the U. S. . . holds the Presidency, the President . , - , the President of the U. S. . it, him: He has been it since 1976. . -


' I feel extremely jubilant,' I said. 'You look it,' she replied. (C. P. Snow). , he , : who does not work neither should he eat What are the requirements a good teacher should meet. He must...

. , , . : Lost in the taiga, the would-be town was a small hamlet yet, a handful of log huts. However everybody looked forward hopefully to the future. In particular, I imagined my son's going to school for the first time there in a few years' time. The school was an impressive abundantly lit structure. Its classrooms were spacious, with walls painted in light-green, pleasant to the eye. The windows were shining. And plenty of flowers greeted you from everywhere.

, ( , , ) , (. . 1), , .

3.3.7. . , - , , ( ) . - I saw a man, a man, , . , a man, . . The man had a shabby coat on, the man . , , . , , a man, the man, , .

, . ( : This is a man), ( :

1 . . ., . 29, . 330. 254


A man is a mammal, . Men (. . , ) are mammals). , : - . ( , : I like fish; . I like the fish ). , , ( : You know, a man approached me in the street and said...).

3.3.8. . (a) She smiled which was curious () Curiously, she smiled , () ← () () → (). . (. : Arriving in the city, John hurried... When John arrived in the city, he hurried... , , : With these words he went on tracking, [...] (A. A. Milne) While he said these words he went on tracking . .). .

, , , . : () . . , .

, I prolonged my stay because of leg I prolonged my stay because Oleg had come/did not cornel had fallen ill/asked me to . . I prolonged my stay because of Oleg, , . ( : Why? What do you mean? What happened (to him)? I don't quite understand in what way he could influence your decision to stay longer . .)

, , ,


. , ( ) ( ) . . I gave up working because of Pete (= because Pete is little yet/because Pete is ever ill . .) Stalingrad (= the battle fought/the victory won at Stalingrad) was the turning-point of World War If.

(, Oleg I prolonged my stay because of Oleg), ( - . 3.3.9). , : They proceeded very slowly because of mudThey proceeded very slowly as the road was muddy/ as there was mud on the road.

. - . - .

3.3.9. - . , , . e. . , , , - .

, , , . , - , . . (, : ) (), (R). . , . , .


. , , . . , :

John (T) gave a book to Mary (R) Mary (T) was given a book by John (R) A book (T) was given to Mary by John (R)

- , , - , . , , - - . .

, I see someone is absent today. (Who is absent?) Petrov is absent, is absent, Petrov, The one who is absent today is Petrov. , . , Petrov is absent Today I'm going to ask Petrov, Petrov is absent. , : Petrov (R) is absent (T) Petrov (T) is absent (R). , , ( ), .

, (, ) (, It was drizzling and rather cold. (D. Lessing), ).

, , - . : ) , ) , ) , ) . , , , , , , () . , - , , , . ,

. . * 257


, . - , , . , , . - .

('Gerald was standing then in the doorway), (Gerald was 'standing then in the doorway. Gerald was standing 'then in the doorway. Gerald was standing then in the 'doorway), .

, , . , , : That I knew with absolute lucidity. (. . Snow) All this Mr. Huxter saw over the canisters of the tobacco window, [...] (H. G. Wells), : The patient is sleeping heavily. N e a r her, in the easy chair, sits a Monster. (G. B. Shaw) The spring of 1879 was unusually forward and open. Over the Lowlands the green of yearly corn spread smoothly, the chestnut spears burst in April, and the haw-thorn hedges flanking the wide roads which faced the countryside, blossomed a month before. (A. J. Cronin)

, : 'And then came a curious experience.' (H. G. Wells) Finally Woltz led him to a stall which had a bronze plaque attached to its outside wall. On the plaque was the name 'Khartoum'. (M. Puzo) there: Over the chairs and sofa there hung strips of black material, covered with splashes like broken eggs, [...] (K. Mansfield). ( ) . , ( there is).

, - . . .

, , here/there, It is... X that/who... . .


: 'Now, Miss Foster, we have three models. There's the Olympus, the new deluxe. Then there's the Diana bigger and better than Dors?' (H. E. Bates) , : It was N who... It was N2 (that) N1 told me about, : It was in such moments that I faced the idea of suicide. (C. P. Snow) . .





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