, - - . . .7 8. .
, .
1. α) - A B , - .7 1, 2, 3, 4.
β). - - A, B C , .8 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
, - - , 1, 2, 3, 4 ( -) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ( ). 10 11. .
12. ( ) ', .7. - U = {1, 2, 3, 4}; ={2, 4}; B = {3, 4}. - - = {4}, ( ) ' = {4} ' = {1, 2, 3}. - , ,
( ) ' = {1, 2, 3}. (3)
' '. (. .7): ' = {1, 3}, ' = {1, 2}, ' ' = {1, 3} {1, 2}= {1, 2, 3}, .. ,
' ' = {1, 2, 3} ■ (3b)
.7 | .8 |
(3) (3b) , ( ) ' = ' ' ( - ). 1 - . - 2 - : ( ) ' = ' ' ( - ). 5-2. , - U.
13. ( ), , .8. U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}; ={2, 5, 6, 8}; B = {3, 5, 7, 8}; = {4, 6, 7, 8}. - = {3, 5, 7, 8} {4, 6, 7, 8} = {7, 8}; ( ) = {2, 5, 6, 8} {7, 8} = {2, 5, 6, 7, 8}. ,
( ) = {2, 5, 6, 7, 8}. (4)
( )Ç( ) , . - = {2, 5, 6, 8} {3, 5, 7, 8} = {2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8}; = {2, 5, 6, 8} {4, 6, 7, 8} = {2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}; ( ) ( ) = {2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8}Ç {2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} = {2, 5, 6, 7, 8} ,
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( ) ( )= {2, 5, 6, 7, 8} ■ (4b)
(4) (4b) , ( ) = ( ) ( ). - .
1. :
01. 6 Î{2, 5, 8, 9}
02. 9 Ï{6, 3, 4, 8}
03. { k, c, r, a } = { k, c, a, r }
04. , ¹ {1, 2}
05. 8 Í{3, 2, 5, 7, 8}
06. {5, 8, 9}Î{5, 8, 9, 0}
07. 6 ¹ {2, 5, 8, 9}
08. Æ = {Æ}
A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}, B = {2, 4, 8, 10, 12}, C = {4, 10, 12}.
09. 4Î A
10. 8Î B
11. 4Ï C
12. C A
13. C B
U = { a, b, c, d, e, f, g }, A = { a, e }, B = { a, b, e, f, g }, C = { b, f, g }, D = { d, e }.
14. C Ì U
15. D Í B
16. A Ì B
17. B Í C
18. ÆÌ A
19. ÆÍÆ
20. D Ì B
21. D Ë B
22. A Ë B ■
2. Î, Ï, = ¹ , -:
01. 5____{2, 4, {5}, 7}
02. {4}____{4, 7, 8, 12}
03. 0____{1, 2, 0, {5}, 9}
04. {3}____{2, 3, 4, 6}
05. 8____{3, 2, 5, 7, 8}
06. 12____{3, 8, 12, 18}
07. 3____{2, 5, 6, 8}
08. b ____{ h, c, d, a, b }
09. 9____{6, 3, 4, 8}
10. { k, c, r, a }____{ k, c, a, r }
11. {5, 8, 9}____{5, 8, 9, 0}
12. 6____{2, 5, 8, 9}
13. m ____{ l, m, n, o, p }
14. { e, h, a, n }____{ a, { h }, e, n }
15. {3, 7, 12, 14}____{3, 7, 12, 14, 0}■
3. Í Ë , -:
01. {4}____{4, 7, 8, 12}
02. {3}____{2, 3, 4, 6}
03. { k, c, r, a }____{ k, c, a, r }
04. {5, 8, 9}____{5, 8, 9, 0}
05. { e, h, a, n }____{ a, { h }, e, n }
06. {3, 7, 12, 14}____{3, 7, 12, 14, 0}
07. {2, 0, 2}_____{2, 1, l, 2}
08. {, , }___{, , , , }
09. { a, n, d }_____{ r, a, n, d, y }
10. Æ_____{ a, b, c, d, e }
11. Æ_____Æ
12. {7, 4, 9}_____
13. { B, C, D }_____{ B, C, D, F }
14. {, , , }_____{ , , , }
15. Æ_____{0}
16. {1, 0, 1, 2, 3) _____{0, 1, 2, 3, 4} ■
4. ( ) :
01. { B, C, D }
02. { B, C }
03. { B, { C }}
04. {{ B },{ C }}
05. { B, { B }}
06. { B, { B }, C }
07. {{Æ}, B, { C }}
08. { a, 1, 0}
09. { a, 1, {0}}
10. { a, { a }, 1, {0}}
11. {3, 3, {3}}
12. {, , }
13. {, , August}
14. { e, é, è } ■
5. (. 7):
01. {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} {4, 6, 8, 10}
02. {9, 14, 25, 30} {10, 17, 19, 38, 52}
03. {5, 9, 11} Æ
04. { a, m, n, s, w } { c, d, m, o, s }
05. { P, Q, R } { F, H, Q, X, R } ■
6. (. 6):
01. {1, 5, 7} {3, 7, 10}
02. { a, m, n, s, w } { c, d, m, o, s }
03. { P, Q, R } { F, H, Q, X, R } ■
7. (. 8):
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01. {1, 5, 7} {3, 7, 10}
02. { a, m, n, s, w } { c, d, m, o, s }
03. { P, Q, R } { F, H, Q, X, R }
04. {3, 5, 7} {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7}
05. { f, g, h, i,j, k } { g, i, k } ■
8. U = { a, b, c, d, e, f, g }, X = { a, c, e, g }, Y = { a, b, c }, Z = { b, c, d, e, f }. - :
01. X (Y Z) | 02. Y (X Z) | 03. (Y Z) X |
04. (X Y) Z | 05. (Z X) Y | 06. (Y X) Z |
07. X Y | 08. Y X | 09. X Y |
10. Y X | 11. X (X Y) | 12. Y (Y X) ■ |
9. U = { a, b, c, d, e, f, g }, A = { a, c, e }, B = { a, b, d, e, f }, C = { a, c, d, g }.
:
01. (A B) C 02. (A B) C 03. (A B) C 04. (A B) C | 05. A (B C) 06. A (B C) 07. A (B C) 08. A (B C) | 09. (A B) C 10. (A B) C 11. (A B) C 12. (A B) C | 13. A (B C) 14. A (B C) 15. A (B C) 16. A (B C) |
17. (A B) C 18. (A B) C 19. (A B) C 20. (A B) C | 21. A (B C) 22. A (B C) 23. A (B C) 24. A (B C) | 25. (A B) C 26. (A B) C 27. (A B) C 28. (A B) C | 29. A (B C) 30. A (B C) 31. A (B C) 32. A (B C) ■ |
10. - (. 12 13):
01. ( ) = ( )
02. ( ) = ( )
03. ( ) = ( ) ( )
04. ( ) = ( ) ( )
05. ( ) = ( ) A =
06. ( ) ' = ' '
07. ( ) ' = ' '
08. A ( ) = (A ) (A C)
09. A ( ) = (A ) (A C)
10. A (A B) =
11. = ( )
12. (B C) = ( ) (A ) = ( ) C
13. (A B) C = (A C)\(B C)
14. = A (B A)
15. (A') ' = A
16. A A' = U, U -
17. A A' = Æ
18. ( ) ( ') = ( ) ( ') = A
19. (' ) A =
20. A (B A) = Æ
21. ( ) C = (A C) (B C)
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4.
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7.
, , -. , , , , , n , .. , , .
( ) -, . (, i - ) , i - . i - (- ) , i - , i - , i - , .. . s, a 1, - a 2,..., s -, , - as, - á a 1, a 2,..., as ñ ( , - ). - á a 1, a 2,..., as ñ { a 1, a 2,..., as } . , , , { a 1, a 2,..., as } { as, as −1 ,..., a 1} . á a 1, a 2,..., as ñ á as, as −1 ,..., a 1ñ , , . ( ), (. 4) . , , .
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2 , 3 - .. 0, , .. áñ. L ().
. , a b, , -, , , -, a b . a b - a = b, - a ≠ b. a X, a X. - , , .
1. 3: a = á a, { a }, á a ññ. 1- a, 2- { a }, 3- á a ñ 1. ■