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2




6 Francis Bacon, The Works of Francis Bacon. : James Spcdding,
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7 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz,P/i/tojop/z/jce/j^c/jn/Ce/), .I.,Gerhardt,ed. (Berlin, 1887),
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, , , , , . , , , , , , . , . , , , . , : , , , . , , , ; , 8.

. , : , , . - , , . .. , , , 9. , , . - , ,

8 Ernest Mach, Space and Geometry, TJ. McCormack (Chicago: Open Court Publishing Co., 1906), 113, . . .

' .. Moles, La creation scientifique (Geneva, 1957) : Jacque Barzun, Science: The Glorious Entertainment (New York: Harper & Row, 1964), 93. . .


. , , ... . , . , , ... , . , , . , , , , , . - , , , 10.

, :

, [ , ], , , , ; [] ".

, , . -

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1' Agnes Arber, The Mind and the Eye: A sudy of the Biologist's Standpoint (Cambridge: University Press, 1954), 46. 5 , , . . .


, , . , : (, ),' (, , ), (, , , ). , , , , , , , , 12. , , . 13, , , 133.

1965 . , , ( ).

12 :
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The Sutherland Papers, ed. By Albert Cohen, Alfred
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13 New York and London: G.P. Putman, 19131918. . .

, . : William J. Goode, Larry Mitchell, Frank Furstenberg in Selected Works of Williard W. Waller ( ). . .


. , , , . - , , , , , 14. , 15. , .

, . , . , , . , , , , , , 16. -

14 Nathan Glazer, The rise of social research in Europe, in The Human Meaning of the
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15 Alvin W. Goulgner, Enter Plato: Classical Greece and the Origins of Social Theory (New
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" : , . . : Joseph T. Clark, S.J., The Philosophy of science and the history of science, Clagett, op. cit., 103140, .. [I.E. Drabkin], . 152. , , , . , , , , . R.K. Mcrton, Singletons and multiples in scientific discovery: a chapter in the sociology of science, 1961, 105,470486, 475477. .


, , , , . , , , , .

, , . ; - . , , ( , ). , , , , , . , , 17. , , , , . , ; - . , .

. , : , -

, , : R.K. Merion, On the Shouldersof Giants (New York: The Free Press, 1965; Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967). . .

" , , , , . Merton, Singletons and multiples in scientific discoveries, op. cit. Resistance to the systematic study of multiple discoveries in science, European Journal of Sociology, 1963, 4, 237282. . .


. , , . , , , , , , , , .

1. . , , , . , . , , . , . , .

- . , , . , ? , * , , , , 18. , , , 19. , , -

* ( ) (18021860) . . .

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19 Thomas S. Kuhn, Energy conservation as an example of simultaneous discovery,
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. .

, : , . , . ( , ), , . , -. , : , , , , , . , , , , 20. , Principia Mathematica, , , 21.

, , , . : , [ ] .. 22. , 150 , ,

20 Alexander Wood, Thomas Young: Natural Philosopher 17731829 (Cambridge: University
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] , ,
, , ,
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21 Bertrand Russell, My menial development, James R. Newman, ed., The World of
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22 I.P. Pavlov, Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes, W.H. Gantt (New York:
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, , , , . , Phantasien eines Realisten 23. .. .. , 1934 , , , 1915 , , . , 24.

. , , , : , . , , - . , : , -, 25. , . , , , , , 26.

23 Sigmund Freud, Collected Papers, trans by Joan Riviere (London: Hogarth Press,
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.: Merton Resistance to the systematic study of
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24 R.G. D. Allen, Professor Slutsky's Theory of Consumer Choice, Review of Economic
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25 . . ., , 1984, . 40.
,
.
, :

.
, ,
, . . .

26 David Riesman, in collaboration with Reuel Denney and Nathan Glazer, The Lonely
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, , . , , , , , , , , , - 27.

, , . , , ; , , , , . , , , , , , . -, , , , , , , 28. . , .. , , , , , , . . , .... 29. ,

27 Edith Penrose, Tlte theory of the Growth of the Firm (New York: John Wiley, 1959), 2.
. .

28 Carl Spearman A History of Psychology ion Autobiography, Carl Murchison, ed. (New
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J.H. Hexter, More's Utopia: The Biography of an Idea (Princeton 2. University Press, 1952), 34n. , : - , , , . , 1 ... . Ibid., 1314. . .


, . , , 30.

2. . 31 . . , , , . , ' , , ( ). , , , , . , , , ; .

, , , , . , - , . . : - , . , , . : , ..

30 . Merton, Singletons and multiples in scientific discovery,
op. cit.,
479 ff. . .

31 Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1962). . .


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