1: . .
Al(OH)2Cl ,
Al(OH)2Cl → Al(OH)2Cl- → Al(OH)+ + Cl
Al(OH)+ Û AlOH2+ + OH
AlOH2+Û Al3+ + OH
NH4NO3 ,
NH4NO3 → NH4+ + NO3
(HCO3)2 ,
(HCO3)2 → 2+ + 2HCO3
HCO3 Û H+ + CO32
2: N NS3 N2SO3.
. N + 2SO3 = NSO3 + 2O
+ 2SO3 = S3 +2
NHSO3 +N = N2SO3 + 2O
S3 + = SO32 + 2
3. Ni()2 (NiOH)2SO4 NiSO4.
. 2Ni(H)2 + 2SO4 = (NiO)2SO4 + 22O
2Ni()2 + 2+ + SO42 = (Ni)2SO4 + 22O
(Ni)2SO4 + 2SO4 = 2NiSO4 + 22
(NiO)2SO4 + 2+ = 2Ni 2+ + SO42 + 22
4. .
. . 2+ + 32 = ¯3,
Cl2 + N23 = ¯3 + 2N1
()2 + 23 = ¯3 + 2
. u2+ + 2O = ¯u()2
uSO4 + 2N =¯Cu(OH)2 + N2SO4
u12 + 2 = ¯u()2 + 21;
. u2+ + S2 = ¯uS
u12 + 2S = ¯uS + 21
u(NO3)2 + N2S =¯uS + 2NN3
5:
1. ( ) . , .
1. ) 30%-
) 500 (ρ = 1,10 /) 2,5 , 4%-. .
2. ) , 12%- .
) 10%- (ρ = 1,06 /).
3. ) (Na2SO4×10H2O) 20 1 . (%). ) , 200 1,74 .
4. ) 10%- .
) 1 a (II), 1,08 /.
5. ) , 1 10%- ?
) 10%- (ρ = 1,07 /).
6. ) 5 KOH, 1?
) 100 20%- (ρ = 1,14 /) 5%- ?
7. ) , 5 10%- ?
) 32,2 Na2SO4 × 10H2O, 5%- ?
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8. ) 10%- .
) 0,9 H3PO4 (ρ = 1,05 /).
9. ) 500 (30%), 2,5%- .
) uSO4 × 5H2O 150 8%- ?
10. ) , 200 2,5 . (%)?
) 27%- (ρ = 1,14 /).
11. ) 0,25 50 0,5 ?
) 1,5 20%- (ρ = 1,06 /), 10%- (ρ = 1,03 /)?
12. ) , 2,5 120 15%- .
) 70%- (ρ = 1,16 /) 0,5 0,2 ?
13. ) 40 20%- 400 . ?
) Na2CO3 × 10H2O 2 0,2 Na2CO3?
14. ) 12% .
) C 36%- (ρ = 1,18 /) 4 0,5 ?
15. ) 10%- 100 4,5 %- .
) 1 20%- (ρ = 1,22 /) 10 . .
16. ) 8%- (ρ = 1,08 /).
) 10%- Na2CO3 (ρ = 1,10/) 1 2%- (ρ = 1,02 /), 3%- ?
17. ) 15%- 50 2,5 NaOH.
) 2 (ρ = 1,08 /).
18. ) 30%- 500 12%- .
) 25 40%- KOH (ρ =1,40 /), 2%- ?
19. ) 0,25
) 96 % - (ρ = 1,84 /) 300 0,5 ?
20. ) , 71 (P2O5) 600 .
) uSO4 × 5H2O 150 , 5%- uSO4?
21. ) 0,2 CaCl2 0,02 .
) 30%- (ρ = 1,84 /) 250 0,5 ?
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22. ) .
) 0,25 (ρ = 1,01 /).
23. ) 2,5 0,5 .
) 0,1 HCl 20 0,5 ?
24. ) , 2 0,5 .
) 10%- (ρ = 1,05 /).
25. ) 4 , 4,5 (..).
) 30%- ρ = 1,18 / 250 11%- (ρ = 1,07 /)?
26. ) Na2CO3×10H2O 2 0,2 Na2CO3.
) 30%- KOH (ρ = 1,29 /) 300 0,1 ?
27. ) 0,8%- .
) 760 20%- NaOH (ρ = 1,22 /) 140 10%- NaOH (ρ = 1,11 /). .
28. ) , 1 200 .
) 50 96%- (ρ = 1,84 /) 50 . .
29. ) (10%).
) 72%- (ρ = 1,43 /).
30. ) 96%- , 2 4%- .
) 6%- - (ρ = 1,03 /).
.
,% | , /3 | ||||
H2SO4 | HNO3 | HCl | NaOH | NH3 | |
1,012 | 1,009 | 1,008 | 1,021 | 0,990 | |
1,025 | 1,020 | 1,018 | 1,043 | 0.981 | |
1,038 | 1,031 | 1,023 | 1,065 | 0,973 | |
1,052 | 1,043 | 1,038 | 1,087 | 0,965 | |
1,066 | 1,054 | 1,047 | 1,109 | 0.958 | |
1,080 | 1,066 | 1,057 | 1,131 | 0,950 | |
1,095 | 1,078 | 1,069 | 1,153 | 0,943 | |
1,109 | 1,090 | 1,078 | 1,175 | 0,936 | |
1,124 | 1,103 | 1,088 | 1,197 | 0,930 | |
1,139 | 1,115 | 1,098 | 1,219 | 0,923 | |
1,155 | 1,128 | 1,108 | 1,241 | 0,916 | |
1,170 | 1,140 | 1,119 | 1.263 | 0,910 | |
1,186 | 1,153 | 1,129 | 1,285 | 0,904 | |
1,202 | 1,167 | 1,139 | 1,306 | 0,898 | |
1,219 | 1,180 | 1,149 | 1,328 | 0,892 | |
1,235 | 1,193 | 1,159 | 1,349 | 0,886 | |
1,252 | 1,207 | 1,169 | 1,370 | ||
1,268 | 1,221 | 1,179 | 1,390 | ||
1,286 | 1,234 | 1,189 | 1,410 | ||
1,303 | 1,246 | 1,198 | 1,430 | ||
1,321 | 1,259 | 1,449 | |||
1,337 | 1,272 | 1,469 | |||
1,357 | 1,285 | 1,487 | |||
1,376 | 1,298 | 1,507 | |||
1,395 | 1,310 | 1,525 | |||
1,415 | 1,322 | 1,543 | |||
1,435 | 1,334 | ||||
1,477 | 1,356 | ||||
1,498 | 1,367 | ||||
1,542 | 1,387 | ||||
1,587 | 1,405 |
,% | , /3 | ||||
H2SO4 | HNO3 | HCl | NaOH | NH3 | |
1,611 | 1,413 | ||||
1,657 | 1,430 | ||||
1,704 | 1,445 | ||||
1,727 | 1,452 | ||||
1,769 | 1,466 | ||||
1,802 | 1,477 | ||||
1,814 | 1,483 | ||||
1,831 | 1,491 | ||||
1,836 | 1,501 | ||||
1,841 | 1,513 |
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,% | , /3 | |||
H3PO4 | CH3COOH | KOH | KCl | |
1,0038 | 0,9996 | 1,0074 | 1,005 | |
1,0092 | 1,0012 | 1,0165 | 1,011 | |
1,0146 | 1,0025 | 1,0257 | 1,017 | |
1,0200 | 1,0040 | 1,0348 | 1,024 | |
1,0255 | 1,0055 | 1,0440 | 1,030 | |
1,0309 | 1,0069 | 1,0531 | 1,037 | |
1,0365 | 1,0083 | 1,0624 | 1,043 | |
1,0420 | 1,0097 | 1,0717 | 1,050 | |
1,0476 | 1,0111 | 1,0811 | 1,056 | |
1,0532 | 1,0125 | 1,0904 | 1,063 | |
1,0590 | 1,0139 | 1,0998 | 1,070 | |
1,0647 | 1,0154 | 1,1092 | 1,077 | |
1,0705 | 1,0168 | 1,1187 | 1,083 | |
1,0764 | 1,0182 | 1,1283 | 1,090 | |
1,0824 | 1,0195 | 1,1379 | ||
1,0884 | 1,0209 | 1,1475 | 1,104 | |
1,0946 | 1,0223 | 1,1572 | ||
1,1008 | 1,0236 | 1,1669 | 1,113 | |
1,1071 | 1,0250 | 1,1766 | 1,126 | |
1,1134 | 1,0263 | 1,1864 | 1,133 | |
1,1199 | 1,0276 | 1,140 | ||
1,1263 | 1,0288 | |||
1,1329 | 1,0301 | |||
1,1395 | 1,0313 | |||
1,1462 | 1,0326 | |||
1,1529 | 1,0338 | |||
1,1597 | 1,0349 | |||
1,1665 | 1,0361 | |||
1,1735 | 1,0372 | |||
1,1805 | 1,0384 | |||
1,216 | 1,0438 | |||
1,254 | 1,0488 | |||
1,293 | 1,0534 | |||
1,335 | 1,0575 | |||
1,379 | 1,0611 | |||
1,426 | 1,0642 | |||
1,476 | 1,0666 | |||
1,526 | 1,0685 |
,% | , /3 | |||
H3PO4 | CH3COOH | KOH | KCl | |
1,579 | ||||
1,633 | ||||
1,689 | ||||
1,746 | ||||
1,819 | ||||
1,870 |
,% | , /3 | |||||
NaCl | NH4Cl | (NH4)2SO4 | Al2(SO4)3 | Na2SO4 | Na2SO4× 10H2O | |
1,007 | 1,001 | 1,004 | 1,009 | 1,007 | 1,004 | |
1,014 | 1,004 | 1,010 | 1,019 | 1,016 | 1,008 | |
1,022 | 1,008 | 1,016 | 1,029 | 1,026 | 1,012 | |
1,029 | 1,011 | 1,022 | 1,040 | 1,035 | 1,016 | |
1,036 | 1,014 | 1,028 | 1,050 | 1,044 | 1,020 | |
1,044 | 1,017 | 1,034 | 1,061 | 1,053 | 1,024 | |
1,051 | 1,020 | 1,040 | 1,072 | 1,063 | 1,028 | |
1,058 | 1,023 | 1,046 | 1,083 | 1,072 | 1,032 | |
1,065 | 1,026 | 1,051 | 1,094 | 1,082 | 1,036 | |
1,073 | 1,029 | 1,057 | 1,105 | 1,091 | 1,040 | |
1,081 | 1,031 | 1,063 | 1,117 | 1,101 | 1,044 | |
1,089 | 1,034 | 1,069 | 1,129 | 1,111 | 1,048 | |
1,096 | 1,037 | 1,075 | 1,140 | 1,121 | 1,052 | |
1,104 | 1,040 | 1,081 | 1,152 | 1,131 | 1,056 | |
1,119 | 1,046 | 1,092 | 1,176 | 1,141 | 1,064 | |
1,135 | 1,051 | 1,104 | 1,201 | 1,072 | ||
1,143 | 1,054 | 1,109 | 1,213 | 1,077 | ||
1,151 | 1,057 | 1,115 | 1,226 | 1,081 | ||
1,159 | 1,059 | 1,121 | 1,239 | 1,085 | ||
1,062 | 1,127 | 1,252 | ||||
1,067 | 1,257 | |||||
1,073 | 1,306 | |||||
1,333 |
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,% | , /3 | ||||
CaCl2 | Na2CO3 | Ni(NO3)2 | NiSO4 | ZnSO4 | |
1,015 | 1,019 | 1,016 | 1,020 | 1,019 | |
1,032 | 1,038 | 1,033 | 1,041 | 1,040 | |
1,049 | 1,061 | 1,051 | 1,063 | 1,062 | |
1,066 | 1,082 | 1,069 | 1,085 | 1,084 | |
1,083 | 1,102 | 1,088 | 1,109 | 1,107 | |
1,101 | 1,122 | 1,108 | 1,133 | 1,131 | |
1,119 | 1,146 | 1,123 | 1,158 | 1,155 | |
1,139 | 1,170 | 1,148 | 1,183 | 1,181 | |
1,157 | 1,192 | 1,169 | 1,209 | 1,206 | |
1,177 | 1,191 | 1,232 | |||
1,223 | 1,249 | 1,304 |