.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


4




1: . .

Al(OH)2Cl ,

Al(OH)2Cl → Al(OH)2Cl- → Al(OH)+ + Cl

Al(OH)+ Û AlOH2+ + OH

AlOH2+Û Al3+ + OH

NH4NO3 ,

NH4NO3 → NH4+ + NO3

(HCO3)2 ,

(HCO3)22+ + 2HCO3

HCO3 Û H+ + CO32

2: N NS3 N2SO3.

. N + 2SO3 = NSO3 + 2O

+ 2SO3 = S3 +2

 

NHSO3 +N = N2SO3 + 2O

S3 + = SO32 + 2

3. Ni()2 (NiOH)2SO4 NiSO4.

. 2Ni(H)2 + 2SO4 = (NiO)2SO4 + 22O

2Ni()2 + 2+ + SO42 = (Ni)2SO4 + 22O

(Ni)2SO4 + 2SO4 = 2NiSO4 + 22

(NiO)2SO4 + 2+ = 2Ni 2+ + SO42 + 22

4. .

. . 2+ + 32 = ¯3,

Cl2 + N23 = ¯3 + 2N1

()2 + 23 = ¯3 + 2

. u2+ + 2O = ¯u()2

uSO4 + 2N =¯Cu(OH)2 + N2SO4

u12 + 2 = ¯u()2 + 21;

. u2+ + S2 = ¯uS

u12 + 2S = ¯uS + 21

u(NO3)2 + N2S =¯uS + 2NN3

 

5:

1. ( ) . , .

1. ) 30%-

) 500 (ρ = 1,10 /) 2,5 , 4%-. .

2. ) , 12%- .

) 10%- (ρ = 1,06 /).

3. ) (Na2SO4×10H2O) 20 1 . (%). ) , 200 1,74 .

4. ) 10%- .

) 1 a (II), 1,08 /.

5. ) , 1 10%- ?

) 10%- (ρ = 1,07 /).

6. ) 5 KOH, 1?

) 100 20%- (ρ = 1,14 /) 5%- ?

7. ) , 5 10%- ?

) 32,2 Na2SO4 × 10H2O, 5%- ?

8. ) 10%- .

) 0,9 H3PO4 (ρ = 1,05 /).

9. ) 500 (30%), 2,5%- .

) uSO4 × 5H2O 150 8%- ?

10. ) , 200 2,5 . (%)?

) 27%- (ρ = 1,14 /).

11. ) 0,25 50 0,5 ?

) 1,5 20%- (ρ = 1,06 /), 10%- (ρ = 1,03 /)?

12. ) , 2,5 120 15%- .

) 70%- (ρ = 1,16 /) 0,5 0,2 ?

13. ) 40 20%- 400 . ?

) Na2CO3 × 10H2O 2 0,2 Na2CO3?

14. ) 12% .

) C 36%- (ρ = 1,18 /) 4 0,5 ?

15. ) 10%- 100 4,5 %- .

) 1 20%- (ρ = 1,22 /) 10 . .

16. ) 8%- (ρ = 1,08 /).

) 10%- Na2CO3 (ρ = 1,10/) 1 2%- (ρ = 1,02 /), 3%- ?

17. ) 15%- 50 2,5 NaOH.

) 2 (ρ = 1,08 /).

18. ) 30%- 500 12%- .

) 25 40%- KOH (ρ =1,40 /), 2%- ?

19. ) 0,25

) 96 % - (ρ = 1,84 /) 300 0,5 ?

20. ) , 71 (P2O5) 600 .

) uSO4 × 5H2O 150 , 5%- uSO4?

21. ) 0,2 CaCl2 0,02 .

) 30%- (ρ = 1,84 /) 250 0,5 ?

22. ) .

) 0,25 (ρ = 1,01 /).

23. ) 2,5 0,5 .

) 0,1 HCl 20 0,5 ?

24. ) , 2 0,5 .

) 10%- (ρ = 1,05 /).

25. ) 4 , 4,5 (..).

) 30%- ρ = 1,18 / 250 11%- (ρ = 1,07 /)?

26. ) Na2CO3×10H2O 2 0,2 Na2CO3.

) 30%- KOH (ρ = 1,29 /) 300 0,1 ?

27. ) 0,8%- .

) 760 20%- NaOH (ρ = 1,22 /) 140 10%- NaOH (ρ = 1,11 /). .

28. ) , 1 200 .

) 50 96%- (ρ = 1,84 /) 50 . .

29. ) (10%).

) 72%- (ρ = 1,43 /).

30. ) 96%- , 2 4%- .

) 6%- - (ρ = 1,03 /).


.

,% , /3
H2SO4 HNO3 HCl NaOH NH3
  1,012 1,009 1,008 1,021 0,990
  1,025 1,020 1,018 1,043 0.981
  1,038 1,031 1,023 1,065 0,973
  1,052 1,043 1,038 1,087 0,965
  1,066 1,054 1,047 1,109 0.958
  1,080 1,066 1,057 1,131 0,950
  1,095 1,078 1,069 1,153 0,943
  1,109 1,090 1,078 1,175 0,936
  1,124 1,103 1,088 1,197 0,930
  1,139 1,115 1,098 1,219 0,923
  1,155 1,128 1,108 1,241 0,916
  1,170 1,140 1,119 1.263 0,910
  1,186 1,153 1,129 1,285 0,904
  1,202 1,167 1,139 1,306 0,898
  1,219 1,180 1,149 1,328 0,892
  1,235 1,193 1,159 1,349 0,886
  1,252 1,207 1,169 1,370  
  1,268 1,221 1,179 1,390  
  1,286 1,234 1,189 1,410  
  1,303 1,246 1,198 1,430  
  1,321 1,259   1,449  
  1,337 1,272   1,469  
  1,357 1,285   1,487  
  1,376 1,298   1,507  
  1,395 1,310   1,525  
  1,415 1,322   1,543  
  1,435 1,334      
  1,477 1,356      
  1,498 1,367      
  1,542 1,387      
  1,587 1,405      

 

 

,% , /3
H2SO4 HNO3 HCl NaOH NH3
  1,611 1,413      
  1,657 1,430      
  1,704 1,445      
  1,727 1,452      
  1,769 1,466      
  1,802 1,477      
  1,814 1,483      
  1,831 1,491      
  1,836 1,501      
  1,841 1,513      

 

,% , /3
H3PO4 CH3COOH KOH KCl
  1,0038 0,9996 1,0074 1,005
  1,0092 1,0012 1,0165 1,011
  1,0146 1,0025 1,0257 1,017
  1,0200 1,0040 1,0348 1,024
  1,0255 1,0055 1,0440 1,030
  1,0309 1,0069 1,0531 1,037
  1,0365 1,0083 1,0624 1,043
  1,0420 1,0097 1,0717 1,050
  1,0476 1,0111 1,0811 1,056
  1,0532 1,0125 1,0904 1,063
  1,0590 1,0139 1,0998 1,070
  1,0647 1,0154 1,1092 1,077
  1,0705 1,0168 1,1187 1,083
  1,0764 1,0182 1,1283 1,090
  1,0824 1,0195 1,1379  
  1,0884 1,0209 1,1475 1,104
  1,0946 1,0223 1,1572  
  1,1008 1,0236 1,1669 1,113
  1,1071 1,0250 1,1766 1,126
  1,1134 1,0263 1,1864 1,133
  1,1199 1,0276   1,140
  1,1263 1,0288    
  1,1329 1,0301    
  1,1395 1,0313    
  1,1462 1,0326    
  1,1529 1,0338    
  1,1597 1,0349    
  1,1665 1,0361    
  1,1735 1,0372    
  1,1805 1,0384    
  1,216 1,0438    
  1,254 1,0488    
  1,293 1,0534    
  1,335 1,0575    
  1,379 1,0611    
  1,426 1,0642    
  1,476 1,0666    
  1,526 1,0685    

 

,% , /3
H3PO4 CH3COOH KOH KCl
  1,579      
  1,633      
  1,689      
  1,746      
  1,819      
  1,870      

 

 

,% , /3
NaCl NH4Cl (NH4)2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 Na2SO4 Na2SO4× 10H2O
  1,007 1,001 1,004 1,009 1,007 1,004
  1,014 1,004 1,010 1,019 1,016 1,008
  1,022 1,008 1,016 1,029 1,026 1,012
  1,029 1,011 1,022 1,040 1,035 1,016
  1,036 1,014 1,028 1,050 1,044 1,020
  1,044 1,017 1,034 1,061 1,053 1,024
  1,051 1,020 1,040 1,072 1,063 1,028
  1,058 1,023 1,046 1,083 1,072 1,032
  1,065 1,026 1,051 1,094 1,082 1,036
  1,073 1,029 1,057 1,105 1,091 1,040
  1,081 1,031 1,063 1,117 1,101 1,044
  1,089 1,034 1,069 1,129 1,111 1,048
  1,096 1,037 1,075 1,140 1,121 1,052
  1,104 1,040 1,081 1,152 1,131 1,056
  1,119 1,046 1,092 1,176 1,141 1,064
  1,135 1,051 1,104 1,201   1,072
  1,143 1,054 1,109 1,213   1,077
  1,151 1,057 1,115 1,226   1,081
  1,159 1,059 1,121 1,239   1,085
    1,062 1,127 1,252    
    1,067   1,257    
    1,073   1,306    
        1,333    

 

 

,% , /3
CaCl2 Na2CO3 Ni(NO3)2 NiSO4 ZnSO4
  1,015 1,019 1,016 1,020 1,019
  1,032 1,038 1,033 1,041 1,040
  1,049 1,061 1,051 1,063 1,062
  1,066 1,082 1,069 1,085 1,084
  1,083 1,102 1,088 1,109 1,107
  1,101 1,122 1,108 1,133 1,131
  1,119 1,146 1,123 1,158 1,155
  1,139 1,170 1,148 1,183 1,181
  1,157 1,192 1,169 1,209 1,206
  1,177   1,191   1,232
  1,223   1,249   1,304

 





:


: 2016-10-06; !; : 1446 |


:

:

. .
==> ...

1533 - | 1498 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.04 .