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20.




1. A high-quality product will satisfy customers by functioning correctly and reliably, meeting needs and expectations, and being delivered on time with courtesy and respect. 2. The Internet is the worlds largest computer network, actually consisting of thousands of interconnected networks, all freely exchanging information. 3. Businesses are learning that by improving the flow of information within their organization, they can become more efficient and effective. 4. Overcoming resistance to change can be the hardest part of bringing information systems into a business. 5. Developing information systems to meet business needs is highly complex and difficult so much so that it is common for information systems projects to overrun budgets and exceed scheduled completion dates. 6. Providing information to customers can also help companies increase revenues and profits. 7. In the early years of quality control, firms were concerned with meeting design specifications that is, conformance to standards. 8. TQM involves developing a keen awareness of customer needs, adopting a strategic vision for quality, empowering employees, and rewarding employees and managers for producing high-quality products. 9. The network computer is a cheaper-to-buy and cheaper-to-run version of the personal computer that is used primarily for accessing the Internet and e-mail. 10. Computer systems can be upgraded by installing additional memory, additional processors (such as a math coprocessor), more hard disk storage, a memory card, or other devices. 11. A coprocessor speeds processing by executing specific types of instructions while the CPU works on another processing activity. 12. Secondary storage (permanent storage) devices are used for storing larger amounts of data, instructions, and information more permanently than allowed with main memory. 13. Conceptually, a synergy is the extra effect due to putting two or more features in combination that cannot be predicted by knowing the effects of the two features separately. 14. One of the main deterrents to deploying broadband to hotel guest rooms is the limitation of twisted-pair wiring used in most properties. 15. Depending on how you set your power management modes for Windows, place the laptop computer in hibernate mode by clicking the Start button, clicking Shut Down, and clicking Hibernate; or closing the display. 16. We conclude this chapter by introducing a continuous distribution, the exponential distribution, that has been found to be particularly useful in attacking waiting-line, or queuing, problems. 17. Building programs and applications using object-oriented programming languages is like constructing a building using prefabricated modules or parts. 18. Turning produces external cylindrical surfaces by removing material from a rotating workpiece; boring is this same process applied for finishing internal surfaces of revolution. 19. Since the number of independent control inputs is less than the number of the output variables in the case of flexible-link arms, the control problem is characterized as having reduced control effectiveness. 20. Special heat treatments enable operation at higher temperatures, with successful operation at temperatures as high as 200ºC (390ºF) having been achieved in cases involving low loads.

(infinitive) , ?, , , . to, .

:

Simple infinitive active study
Simple infinitive passive be studied
Progressive infinitive active being studied
Progressive infinitive passive be being studied
Perfect infinitive active have studied
Perfect infinitive passive have been studied
Perfect progressive infinitive active have been studing

.

1. , - ( ), (verbal noun):

To model the factory requires a mixed approach. .

, - , :

To provide proper air currents is the object of the ventilation. .
To perform withdrawals and other transactions with the bank accounts special-purpose input/output device, the automated teller machine (ATM), is used by most banks. -, .

2. - be, , , , , , :

The primary goal of a for-profit organization is to maximize the price of the company stock. .
The purpose here is to raise the engineers awareness to a quantitative, practically useful approach in dealing with stress concentrations as they affect structural integrity and durability. , .

:

It is difficult to combine the effect of comfort, reliability, safety, and cost. , , .

3. , ( one, that .), ? . . , , , - :

The expenses to be paid by the customer include the overheads. , , .
The next kind of pumps to be discussed are the more complicated pumps. , , .

. :

The heat transfer performance of an evaporator under film boiling conditions is so poor that equipment to operate under such conditions is not usually designed. , , ( ) , .
The mechanical devices to convert kinetic energy in the wind into useful shaft power are known as windmills or wind turbines. , , .

, ability (), desire (), attempt (), :

They are well known because of their ability to produce powerful gas streams. .

, the first, the last (the first to invent, the last problem to be considered), . , . - :

One of the first to use the term e-business was IBM. , -, IBM.

4. , ?, ?. , :

To get a high-strength material usually requires a fine-grain-sized ceramic. .
They have built-in circuitry to automatically shut down when the computer is not being used for an extended time (say 10 minutes). , (, 10 ).
To extend the robots accessibility, feeding systems can be mounted on carousel conveyors spaced around the robot within reach of the robot gripper. , , .

5. . too (), only (), enough sufficiently (), such (), so (, ) sufficient (), , . . , , :

Water from a reservoir is injected through a porous wall at a rate just sufficient to keep the wall surface wet. , .

( ). , . , .

:

A Wheatstone bridge is often used in this system to enhance the ability to measure changes in resistance. , .

:

This reaction, called hydration, combines water and cement to form a stonelike mass. , , , .

, :

The high-pH environment (usually greater than 12.5) interacts with steel and causes a protective oxide film to form on steel surface. pH ( 12,5) .
The liquid Si wets the die and flows through the slot where it cools and is pulled to form a thin ribbon. , , .

6. . , . :

The handle is turned . . w. and raised to enable the cutter to be turned around. , .
Sensors, which are used for feedback in supervisory control, are more application specific, and their output tends to be a matrix of values. , , .

7. . . ( , , -, , ), , :

The system can be said to be at an equilibrium state. , .
Aluminum, also considered to be a good conductor, has a thermal conductivity a little over half that of copper. , , .
The industrial robot has generally not been considered to be a good milling manipulator. , .

. , ( ), :

These resources are said to be hydrothermal. , , .

: , ... , , ... , . :

This method is known to be effective. , .
They are said to have designed a new device. , .
Then a manipulator is said to be kinematically redundant for the task. , .
Urban design is taken to mean the relationship between different buildings and between buildings and streets. , .

, , , . .

a) , :

assume (is assurned) ; ()
believe (is believed) ; ()
consider (is considered) ; ()
expect (is expected) ; ()
estimate (is estimated) ; ()
find (is found) ; ()
know (is known) ; ()
report (is reported) ()
say (is said) ; , ()
state (is stated) ; ()
show (is shown) ()
see (is seen) ()
suppose (is supposed) ; ()
observe (is observed) ()
take (be taken) ()
think (is thought) ; ()

b) , :

seem
appear ,
prove
happen

c) :

 

be likely
be unlikely ;
be certain; be sure

, , , :

These compounds were shown to be composed of many ingredients. , , .

. ( to discuss) :

These metals have been found to possess many interesting and useful physical properties. , .

( to have discussed) :

The earliest use of wind machines appears to have been in ancient Persia, where they were used for grinding grain and pumping water. , , , .

( to be discussing) :

The particle is said to be moving with variable velocity. , .

, , :

The experiment does not seem to give the results supporting this point of view. , -, , .

8. ( ), , , . , . - , :

We want the process to be finished. , .
For realistic service conditions, there may be numerous degradations to consider. , . ( )

, , : consider (; ), believe (), assume (; ), expect (; ), prove (), require (), enable ( ; ).

, enable (, ), allow (), cause make (), :

The concept of relative motion enables us to determine velocity between two particles that travel along the same line. , .

( be used), ( ), :

This is best done by appropriate selection of bearings to be used wherever the moving member is to be supported. , .

see, hear watch to:

You can not hear the water hammer come, since the pressure surge is fairly slow. , , .

make cause , , , , ; , , - ( make to ):

Evaporation of water from the wick causes the wet bulb to cool. .
The tapered joint is additionally tightened with a screw, which makes the shaft rotate without play. , .

9. for, : for + + . - ( ) , . , , ( ) , , , :

The task is to minimize the time it takes for the machine to reach its equilibrium temperature. , , , .

(, ):

Specific performance testing is usually required for the designers to prove manipulability for process robot applications. , .
It is impossible for the driver to stop the car at such a high speed quickly. .

10. , to , (split infinitive). - :

Id like you to clearly understand what Im telling you , , .
He was unable to long keep silence. .
It is appropriate here to briefly review the basic principles of this engine. .

11. , . :

Some of the parts can move quicker if the customer wants them to. , .

if - :

The offer was sent yesterday and, if accepted, would result in the first bulk contract. , .

12. (imperative) , to. .

a) , , :

Fill in the form in block capitals. .
Empty the contents into boiling water. .

b) . do always, dont never:

Always use only the Dell PA-6 AC adapter approved for use with this computer. Dell PA-6 AC, .
Dont place your computer in a wet environment, for example, near a bath tub, sink, or swimming pool or in a wet basement. , , , , .




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