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(modal verbs) , , , , , . can, must, have, be, may, might, need, would used to.

1. have be , (necessity). to. have must , :

He has to take extra measures to complete the test on time. , .

have , , :

But this new kind of fuel has to be handled very carefully. .
Our engineers had to solve many complicated practical problems to reduce wear in machinery. , .
I have to tell you something. - .

be , , , :

New program is to be implemented without delay. .
He is to meet the conference participants at the railway station. .

2. must , have, , .

An automobile must have gasoline to run. .

had to. must have . Must not , do not have , .

3. must (probability) (likelihood). , , + :

He must be very experienced engineer. He has been working for the company for many years. . .

4. must (probability), must have + past participle , , :

I did not see Boris at the meeting; he must have left early. . , .
Rigidity in this new structure must have been as essential as strength for bending under load may lead to a loss of control. , , .

5. can may , (ability) , + :

The machine-tool can be stopped at any moment. .

6. may might , , . , (possibility) , , , , :

He may have got the capacitor he needed. , , , .

Might , may:

might have known that to cut down the flow of water in a pipe you need only to shut off a valve. , .

7. can could , , , , , , :

You couldnt have seen A380 jumbo jet in flight a couple of years ago. A380 .
He could not have overlooked such a serious mistake. , .

8. need want. need , :

You need not do it right now. .

9. ought (to) should, need , , , , , , , . . , , (advisability) , , :

They ought to have paid more attention to the problem of fuel consumption. .
This line should have been put into operation long ago. .
You need not have told him about that .

10. do , -. , :

Only at high temperature and pressure do silicon-based ceramics become appreciably affected by aqueous environments. .

do :

The computer payroll system processes data with greater speed than the manual does. , .

11. used to would . , :

would work on his design for hours. .

would , :

Before, our plant used to buy the raw materials abroad. Before, our plant would buy the raw materials abroad.

would :

The chief engineer was ordered to apply the patent but he wouldnt do it. , .

would rather . Would rather + present tense would rather have + past tense past participle :

We would rather stay at a hotel than spend a night at the airport. , .
Carlos would rather have stayed home last night. .




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