1. The effect on the system disturbance error caused by turning on the irradiation is similar to that of raising the temperature of the surrounding fluid to a new value. 2. The constant of proportionality is strongly dependent on temperature, as well as on the particular titanium alloy: for Ti-6Al-4V alloy it is twice that for pure titanium. 3. The results of such an analysis are conveniently given in the form of an effectiveness, which is defined as the actual consumption rate of the reactant divided by that for an infinite diffusion coefficient. 4. The average heat transfer coefficient is greater than that for an axially uniform film thickness. 5. Under normal operating conditions, the total thermal resistance is relatively small, making the external surface temperature in the evaporator approximately equal to that in the condenser. 6. Granites coefficient of thermal expansion is less than that of most metals, so in the process of manufacture, shipping, and use, one must consider how differential thermal expansion will affect a machines performance if metal components have been bolted to it. 7. The ductility of metals at low and moderate temperature makes them formable as solids and also confers safety (fracture toughness) in mechanical applications, in that under impact loading the metal will absorb energy rather than break catastrophically. 8. As metals are alloyed with other elements, are deformed, contain multiple phases, and contain crystalline imperfections, their electrical and thermal conductivity usually decreases significantly from that of the pure, perfect, unalloyed metal.
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