33 44.
dim 3x3:
.
, :
. (2.3)
:
. (2.4)
: tr A = a 11 + a 22 + a 33 .
S = A 11 + A 22 + A 33. (2.5)
S ,
det A .
, . ֳ .
dim 4x4:
.
:
,
,
;
;
1. :
. (2.6)
: tr A = a 11 + a 22 + a 33 = 1 + 5 + 1 = 7.
; ; .
|
det A = a 11× A 11 + a 12× A 12 + a 13× A 13.
:
det A = 1×4 + 1×3 + 3×(14)=36.
.
;
.
:
.
; l 1=0 ;
.
, .
.
:
2.1
, f (l) , : 0 < l 2 < l 3 <=> 0 < l 2 < 14/3, λ 1 < 0.
, f (3) = 27 7×9 + 36 = 0
, l 2=3. f (x) l -3.
:
l 2 - 4 l - 12 => l 1= 2; l 3 = 6.
³. : l 1= 2; l 2 = 3; l 3 = 6.
2. .
.
:
tr A = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10;
S = 0 + 3 + 4 + 1 - 10 - 6 = -8;
P = 0 - 16 + 4 - 6 = -18;
det A = 7.
:
:
, 1, :
λ 1 = 10,58, λ 2 = -1,47, λ 3 = -0,35, λ 4 = 1,24.
: (m; n; p) , :
= l. (2.7)
m; n; p.
. (2.8)
ϳ (2.8) l 1, l 2, . (2.8).
. (2.9)
(2.9) t R.
(2.6) l 1 = 2; l 2 = 3; l 3 = 6.
:
|
|
) l 1 = 2 (2.9)
.
t =1/20, .
) l 2 = 3 .
) l 3 = 6 .
, ; ; .
: . V, :
. (2.10)
:
. (2.11)
:
. (2.12)
() .
, li (2.12) (2.11).
. :
.
, :
l 3 9 l 2 + 23 l 15 = 0.
:
l 1 = 1; l 2 = 3; l = 5.
:
;
;
.
V :
. (2.13)
(2.12) :
.
. V (2.13), V -1.
. (2.14)
: V -1× AV.
, , .
(2.15):
. (2.15)
V, , (2.15) - D.
(2.4) .
2.4 䒺 (λ)
, , , ,
.
.
n´ n:
(2.16)
.
: 1,..., n. , .
:
1. ' .
, i> 0 ().
:
.
: ∆ = 1, ∆ = 1 2. , 1 > 0, 2 > 0 , .
2. ' :
:
λ 3 + 3 λ 2 + 3 λ + (1 α 2 β) = 0.
:
:
∆1 = 3 > 0, ∆2 = 9 (1 α 2 β), ∆3 = ∆2(1 α 2 β).
, , β :
|
|
.
䳺
f (x) = f (x 1, 2,..., n) n - . f (x) .
䳺 ( k ) . , , 䳺, , . , 䳺, 䳺.
䳺 . 䳺 f (x). , 䳺:
. (3.1)
' . , . , αk. : 䳺 . . , - . , 䳺 , .
䳺 f ( 1, 2,..., n):
f k.
, . -:
, ∆ xk ( ), 0,001 0,005.
䳺 f
.
䳺 . (0). (0) : (0), αk = α = const<1 (4.1) f (x (k +1)) < f (x (k)). , α , . :
,
ε (0,0001; 0,000001 .), . , x ( k +1). , , .
BASIC.
1. , : 䳺 f -GR V (), F.
2. .
. αk -. ,
䳺 V,
䳺.
ϳ . t ( ) , ( ) , - .
ϳ , . : , ( ). . 䳺 .
, 䳺 0.
|
|
. ̳ . (0) (0,0) ε = 0,0001.
, ' .
: N =2 , f; AL α; , x (0); f; E ε, . : k ; F f; GR 䳺.
5 INPUT N,AL, EL, E
10 DIM X(N),V(N)
20 DEF FNA (X(1),X(2)) = EXP(C*x(l)^2 +D*(2)^2)+A*(1)+B*(2))
25 FOR I=1 T ON
30 INPUT X(l)
40 PRINT "("I") = "; X(I)
50 NEXT I
60 GOSUB 210
65 K = 0
70 GOSUB 220
80 IF GR<E GOTO 170
90 =+1
100 FOR I = l, N
110 ()=() L*V(I)/׀GR׀
120 NEXT I
125F1=F
130 GOSUB 210
140 IF F<F1 GOTO 70
145 F=F1
150 AL=0.5*AL
160 GOTO 90
165 PRINT " MIN"
170 FOR I=1, TO N
180 PRINT "(")-";(I)
185 NEXT I
190 PRINT "F="; F; "ʲ.ֲ = "; ; "IJ - "; GR
200 END
210 F=FNA(X(1),X(2)
215 RETURN
220 VE = EXP (C*X(1)^2 +D*X(2)^2)
230 V(l)=A+2*C*X(l)*VE
240 V(2)=B+2*D*X(2)*VE
250 GR = SQR(V(1) ^2 + V(2) ^2)
260 RETURN
:
MIN. (1) = 0,445472, (2) = 0,779575.
F= 1,38011, ʲ. ֲ = 17, IJ 0,0008.
, αk () :
.
, , : αk = 0,898715.
,
˳
, , , .
: 1, 2,, n, :
)
. (4.1)
) ,
1≥0, 2≥0,..., n ≥0. (4.2)
)
. (4.3)
- ' (4.1), (4.2), '. ' (4.3), '.
() .
. , . , .
() 12 , 15 . 8 , 9 , 10 . 1 ( ) :
4.1
0,8 | 1,1 | 0,9 | |
0,7 | 152 |
'. 1, 2, 3 , , , , , 4, 5, 6 , .
:
1 + 2 + 3 = 12,
|
|
4 + 5 + 6 = 15,
1 + 4 = 8, (4.4)
2 + 5 = 9,
3 + 6 = 10.
(4.4) , , .
i ≥ 0, , (4.5)
, () .
f = 0,8 1 + 1,1 2 + 0,9 3 + 4 + 0,7 x 5 + 1,2 x 6. (4.6)
(4.4) , . :
1 + 2 + 3 = 12,
4 + 5 + 6 = 15,
1 + 4 = 8, (4.7)
2 + 5 = 9.
1 2 . :
3 = 12 1 2,
4 = 8 1,
5 = 9 2, (4.8)
6 = 1 + 2 2.
(4.5), :
1 ≥ 0, x 2 ≥ 0,
12 1 2 ≥ 0,
8 1 ≥ 0, 9 2 ≥ 0, (4.9)
1 + 2 2 ≥ 0.
(4.9) :
0 ≤ 1 ≤ 8, 0 ≤ 2 ≤ 9, 2 ≤ 1 + 2 ≤ 12. (4.10)
ֳ (4.6) (4.8) 1 2:
f = 22,7 + 0,1 1 + 0,7 x 2. (4.11)
, 1 2 , . (4.9) 1 + 2 = 2. , , 2.
f = 24,l 0,6 x 1. (4.12)
, 1 = 2, 2 = 0.
: 3 = 10, 4 = 6, 5 = 9, 6 = 0. 22,9 .
' . ' (4.8) , . (4.9) .
(4.13)
(4.13), (4.5) , 1=0 2=0.
(4.13) , , . , (4.4)-(4.6) , (. 4.1). , (4.13) . , , f ( max ). , . . 1 1+ 2 2= h ( h ), , , . .
(4.11) :
0,1 1 + 0,7 2 = 1, h = 1, 1 = 0,1; 2 = 0,7. .
(2; 0) f = 22,7 + 0,1∙2 = 22,9 (), ( ) .
4.1
.
, ' , -. - . ' , . , . , , .. , - . , .
|
|
' (4.1-4.3) -. (4.1) , ' , .
, (4.1) . .
m = n (4.1) ', .
m 1,..., m (4.1):
, , pj ≥ 0. (4.14)
, m+ 1, m+ 2,, n .
(4.14) (4.3) :
f = do + dm+1xm+1 +...+ dnxn. (4.15)
() ', , . :
x = pi, xm+1 = 0,..., xn = 0. (4.16)
ֳ (4.14) :
f (0) = d 0.
' (4.16). (4.15) dm+ 1 ,, dn ', . ' (4.16) .
(4.15) ', , dm+ 1< 0. , ' :
xm+ 1 = (0) m+ 1, xm+ 2 = 0,, xn = 0. (4.17)
(4.14) :
x = pi + q,m+1x (1) m+1, . (4.18)
', m+ 1 . ' . ', xm+ 1. :
, . (4.19)
' . Q, p . (4.19) (4.17):
(P > 0, Q < 0),
' :
. (4.20)
:
. (4.21)
. , . : 1,..., m- 1, xm, m+ 1. ϳ f (2). f (2) <f (1), , (4.20) .
- '.
' -. 3, 4, 5, 6 1 2. (4.8).
' , :
(0)1 = 0, (0)2 = 0, (0)3 = 12, (0)4 = 8, (0)5 = 9, (0)6 = 2.
: (0)6 < 0.
2, 4 (0)3 = 0, (0)4 = 0, (0)1 = 8, (0)3 = 4, (0)5 = 9, (0)6 = 6 f = 23,5.
' ' 2, x 4.
(4.6) (4.7) :
1 = 8 4,
3 = 4 2 + 4,
5 = 9 2, (4.22)
6 = 6 + 2 4,
f = 23,5 0,1 4 + 0,7 2. (4.23)
4 ', 2 . f 4 2. 2 = 0. (4.22) :
1 = 8 4,
3 = 4 + 4,
5 = 9, (4.24)
6 = 6 4.
(4.24) , 4 6. :
f = 23,5 0,16 = 22,9
(4.24) ' :
1 = 2, 2 = 0, 3 = 10, 4 = 6, 5 = 9, 6 = 0.
³ .