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FAQ

Present Perfect and Past Simple

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Past Simple, Present Perfect , - ( ), , yesterday, last night, last week, last year, last Sunday, the day before yesterday (), an hour ago, a minute ago, two weeks ago; on Tuesday, May 16; in the spring 1980 etc.

Past Simple. :

  a) I spoke to Olga an hour ago.
    .
  b) I have spoken to her about it.
    .
  a) Last week I learned many new English words.
    .
  b) I have learned many new English words in this course.
    () .
  a) The tanker arrived in the port of Odessa yesterday.
    .
  b) The tanker has arrived in the port of Odessa on time.
    .
  a) You made a mistake a minute ago.
    () .
  b) You have made the same mistake several times.
    .

 

PAST PERFECT

Past Perfect to have (. ., had) (Past Participle) . :

I had worked we had worked
you had worked you had worked
he had worked they had worked
she had worked  
it had worked  

( paype) Past Perfect:

Id worked we'd worked
you'd worked you'd worked
he'd worked they'd worked
she'd worked  

 

Past Perfect , - , . , , Past Perfect, : 1) Simple Past; 2) .

Past Perfect :

1. Kate had left when I telephoned. , () .
2. I had seen that movie before last year's New York Film Festival. - .

. , : ; . . , (. . ), Past Perfect.

. , , Past Perfect, Past Simpl, ( - ). . ., Past Perfect ( , - ).

Past Perfect . :

His friends noticed how sad he was during the dinner. He had got an unpleasant letter. , . .

. (Past Perfect). , (Past Simple).

Past Perfect . , , Past Perfect. :

1. When we arrived at the Marine terminal, the ship had already come. , .
2. Bob asked me why I had left the party so early. , .
3. I asked Jeff where he had spent his vacation. , .

1. When he had finished his work, he called his friend. , .
2. By noon they had discharged the cargo. .

Past Perfect had . :

Jack had left by the time they arrived.

Had Jack left by the time they arrived?

Past Perfect not had. :

had taken the medicine when I entered the room.

He had not taken the medicine when I entered the room.

 

FUTURE PERFECT

Future Perfect ( ) will (shall) have Past Participle ( ) . Future Perfect to work:

I will have worked we will have worked
you will have worked you will have worked
he will have worked they will have worked
she will have worked  
it will have worked  

 

Future Perfect :

1) , ( by). :

By this time next month, you will have forgotten all your present troubles. .
He will have repaired the transmitter by 3 oclock tomorrow. .

 

2) , . :

I am sure you will have recovered when I return from Europe. , , , () .
I hope you will have visited your friends before our ship leaves the port. , , .

 

1. When Pavel comes home, he will have been a sailor for two years. , , .
2. A month from now we will have came back home. .
3. They will have loaded the cargo when your radiogram arrives. , .

 

Future Simple Future Perfect. :

I will read this book next week. .
I will have finished reading this book by tomorrow. .
The vessel will spend six days in the open sea. .
By tomorrow the vessel will have spent six days in the open sea. .

Passive Voice ( ) to be + Past Participle ( ) . ( to punish ).

Present Simple Passive Voice

I am punished we are punished
you are punished you are punished
he (she, it) is punished they are punished
Past Simple Passive Voice
I was punished we were punished
you were punished you were punished
he (she, it) was punished they were punished
Future Simple Passive Voice
I will be punished We will be punished
you will be punished you will be punished
he (she, it) will be punished they will be punished
Present Perfect Passive Voice
I have been punished we have been punished
you have been punished you have been punished
he (she, it) has been punished they have been punished
Past Perfect Passive Voice
I had been punished  
you had been punished etc.  
Present Continuous Passive Voice
I am being punished we are being punished
you are being punished you are being punished
he (she, it) is being punished they are being punished
Past Continuous Passive Voice
I was being punished we were being punished
you were being punished you were being punished
he (she, it) was being punished they were being punished
  :
Active Voice
Tom delivers the mail. .
Tom delivered the mail. .
Tom will deliver the mail. .
Passive Voice
The mail is delivered by Tom. .
The mail was delivered by Tom. .
The mail will be delivered by Tom. .

, , , . :

Active Voice: Tom delivers the mail.

Passive Voice: The mail is delivered by Tom.

, , by. :

. The work is done by Tom.

. :

Present Simple Passive Voice
All the life-boats are painted regularly. .
Past Simple Passive Voice
This life-boat was painted a month ago. .
Future Simple Passive Voice
The rest life-boats will be painted next week. .
Present Perfect Passive Voice
He has not been seen for a week. .
Past Perfect Passive Voice
The sailor reported that the life-boat had been painted. , - .
Present Continuous Passive Voice
A new life-boat is being painted on our ship. () .
Past Continuous Passive Voice
When I returned to that Californian town, the hospital was still being built. (-) , e .

: 1) ; 2) , -; 3) - ( , ).

:

1) I am invited to a party. . .
2) The ships position was defined by the Chief-mate. - . - .
3) We were asked to come as early as possible. .

, . Passive Voice -. :

1) . : to advise ; to ask ; to envy ; to give ; to grant , ; to offer ; to order ; to pay ; to promise ; to show ; to tell .

:

We were advised to be cautious. -.
I was asked to call Mr. Johnson. - .
I was paid cash. .
We were told to wait. .

, .

Passive Voice :

was shown a book. . (:
The book was shown to him. ).

2) . , , : to affect ; , ; to assist ; to follow ; to influence ; to join . Passive Voice, . :

The ice-breaker was followed by two vessels. .

- , it + . :

It has been suggested that the shore based radar assistanse is not available. , .
It is seen from Figure 3 that... 3 , ...
It is not known whether... ,......
It was demonstrated that... (), ...

.

not, , . :

The merchandise was not delivered on time. .
The criminal has not been caught by the police. .
The negotiations will not be finished next week. .

. ( ) . :

Will the ship holds be cleaned before loading? ?
Is Mary interested in learning Russian? ?
Has your position been obtained by radar? ?

* * *

can, may, must, should be + Past Participle ( ) . have to, ought to be + Past Participle . :

This letter must be written today. .
This work can be done tomorrow. .
The bill has to be paid before the end of the month. ( ) .

1. Greeting cards are sent by most Americans at holiday time. - (.: - ).
2. English is spoken all over the world. - .
3. This fascinating movie will be seen in many countries. .

(Subjunctive Mood) , , , , . . ., (Indicative Mood), . . , . . . , , Subjunctive Mood .

, Simple Present Tense. :

Subjunctive: He, she, it go, take, have.

Indicative: He, she, it goes, takes, has.

to be. : be Present Simple; were Past Simple Tense ( Past Simple to be were).

Subjunctive Mood :

) , , , , . . :

It is necessary that he see his lawyer. , (.:... ).
It is desirable that Jack's departure be postponed. , .
It is important that this question be settled as soon as possible. , .
I insist that the order be canceled. , () .
The officer recommended that the sailor have a rest. .

) as if, as though ( ). :

Boris speaks English as if he were American born. -, .
Johnson acted as though (as if) he were the owner of the firm. , .
George spoke to me as if we were old friends. , .

) , to wish ( I wish). , .......

I wish (that) Olga were here now. ( ). , .
I wish Olga had been in New York City last week. (; had been , Past Perfect ) , -.
I wish it were spring now. , .
I wish I had seen Igor yesterday. , .

) (. ). :

If there were more time, I could go ashore. , .
If I were young, I would study law. , .
If Joe were here, he would help you. , .

) , . :

If I were in Switzerland now! !
If it were spring now! !

(Verbals) (, ) , , . , . , , , , .

 

, . , , .

:

1. Jack wants to become a sailor. .
2. He used to play chess twice a week. .
3. I would like to drink a glass of milk. .
4. He does not want to be criticized by his colleagues. , .
5. Jack was happy to have been praised by his Master. , .

 


 

:

    Active Passive    
Present to ask to be asked -
Perfect to have asked to have been asked -

Present Infinitive Active Voice.

, , , . :

1. smoke is harmful. ( ) ( ).
2. I prefer to read fiction in the evening. - .

 

to (, , , , , , Future Simple: I will work).

, to. .

I. (Modal Auxiliaries): may, might; can, could; must; should; would; needn't.

e:

1. You may come to see us whenever you have time. , .
2. The order may have been canceled. , , .
3. The Johnsons might have invited us to their party. .

 


II. to let (; ).

:

1. Let me say a few words. .
2. Let us be friends. .
3. Let him finish his work as soon as possible. .
4. Let me stay here for a while. .
5. Let's stop talking now. .

III. to see, to hear, to watch, to feel

- , , + . :

I heard my neighbors quarrel. , .

1. No one heard him leave the house. , .
2. I watched the sailors paint life-boats. , - .
3. I saw the boat approach the rocky coast. , .

IV. to make ( ).

:

1. made us wait three hours. .
2. What makes you laugh? - ? (.: ?)
3. The boatswain made the seamen paint the life-boats again. .

V. to had better ( , ) would rather ( ).

:

1. You'd better call the doctor. .
2. He'd better paint the life-boat more carefully. .
3. Youd better apply for this job opening immediately. .

VI. to to help.

:

1. She helped me pack my clothes. .
2. My friend helped me look for my watch. .
3. Could you help me lift this heavy box? ?
4. Help him scrub down the deck. .

 

. .

, -ing, . .

, , .

:

    Active Passive    
Simple seeing, writing being seen, being written :
Perfect having seen, having written having been seen, having been written :
         

:

1. John likes studying foreign languages. - .
2. Little Paul likes being read fairy tales. , .
3. I don't remember having seen such a movie. , .
4. I remember having been informed of the conference. , - .

() . . . :

1. is fond of playing chess. .
2. Jack is proud of being among the winners of the contest. , .
3. I am very glad at knowing it. .
4. He left the room without saying good-bye. .

, .

. : to be afraid (); to begin, to start (); to continue (); to forget (); to hate (; ); to intend (); to like, to love (; );to prefer ().

:

1. I like traveling in summer. I like to travel in summer. .
2. I will start working next week. I will start to work next week. .
3. We continued discussing the agenda for the meeting. We continued to discuss the agenda for the meeting. .

, , . : to appreciate ( ); to forgive (); to keep, to keep on (); to enjoy ( ; ); to finish (, ); to prevent (); cannot help; cannot resist ( ...; ... . .); to excuse (); to deny (); to mind ( ); to avoid (); to refrain (); to be capable of... ( -).

:

1. I would appreciate your calling me back. , .
2. Please excuse my disturbing you. , .
3. I enjoyed traveling round the world last year. .
4. I have finished lubricating the deck equipment. .

 

(Participle) , . (Verbal Adjective). , ( , , .). . , ( ): ) , -; ) , , , -. .

, .

:

  Active Passive
Present seeing, writing being seen, being written
Past seen, written
Perfect having seen, having written having been seen, having been asked

Present Participle Active Voice -ing ( to): to see seeing, to write writing.

-, : to drive driving.

, : to stop stopping.

-ie, , a i : to lie lying; to die dying.

Present Participle Passive Voice to be : to see being seen; to write being written.

Past Participle Passive Voice , Past Simple, . . -ed: used, advertised. Past Participle Passive Voice ( ): seen, written, driven, read.

Perfect Participle Active Voice to have : having seen, having written, having driven, having read.

Perfect Participle Passive Voice to be Perfect Participle (having been) : having been seen, having been asked.

: Present Participle Active Voice; Past Participle Passive Voice. :

Present Participle Active Voice

The woman sitting in the armchair is the Master's wife. , , .
Approaching the harbour the ship ordered two tugs. , .
The Master altered the ships course, passing a dangerous place. , .
The passing vessel is a new ocean-going liner. .

Past Participle Passive Voice

John has bought a used car. , .
The Master is looking for a checked chart. .
The advertised merchandise was not available at the store. .
The message transmitted by the Chief-operator is on the Masters table. , , .

 

. , . :

We are discussing the radiogram received by radio-operator. , .
  .

(, ).

Don't wake up the sleeping child. He .
The child sleeping on the sofa is sick. , , .
  .

 

( -, -, -, -, -, -, -), . . . Participial Phrases (. . ). :

1. Not feeling well, Igor decided not to go ashore. , .
2. Seeing her friend, Ann cried with joy. , .
3. Asking me about my summer plans, Mr. Smith smiled all of a sudden. , - .

 

, . ( -) Present Participle, , , -. :

, , . The sailor reading an English book used a dictionary.

, , . :

, , . The motorman who has repaired this engine is here.

 

(Adverbs) , , . .

:

spoke slowly. .
The buoys are constantly shifted. .
works rapidly. .
Victor studies English very seriously. .

:

1. : often, now, much, here, there, rather.

2. ( -ly ): easy easily; soft softly; clear clearly; part partly.

3. : everywhere, upstairs, downstairs, uphill, downhill, somehow, sometimes, anyway, anyhow.

4. : at last (), at first (), at best ( ), by and large ( ).

:

1. : today, yesterday, tomorrow, soon.

2. : often, frequently, seldom, never, sometimes.

3. : here, there, forward, uphill.

4. : therefore, consequently.

5. : quickly, beautifully, easily, hard.

6. : very, almost, rather, quite, nearly.

. : hard, fast, late, early, low. :

1. John works very hard. .
  It is a hard job. .
2. The Masters orders must be executed quickly. .
  The pilot boat was very fast. .
3. The sailors get up early. .
  prefers an early retirement. .
4. Joe came very late. .
  Will he come at such a late hour? ?
5. The helicopter flew very low. .
  The room has a low ceiling. .

, : nearly, hardly, lately. :

It's nearly time for dinner. .
I could hardly understand what he was saying. () , .
I haven't seen her lately. .
  badly : 1) ; 2) . :
John dances badly. .
I need you badly. .

to feel (), to look (), to seem (), to taste ( ), to sound (), to become () . ( to be, ). :

Do you feel comfortable? ?
She looks pale. (.: ).
You look very good. .
This name sounds familiar to me. .
The situation seemed hopeless. .
The ship become famous over night. .

, . ( ). :

Boatswain looked angrily at him. ( angrily to look).
The Chiefmate felt very nervous. ( nervous , ).

, .

-r, -est, . : more ; most . :

hard harder hardest;

fast faster fastest;

soon sooner soonest;

correctly more correctly most correctly.

. :

well better best
()   ()   ( , )
badly worse worst
()   ()   ( , )
much more most
()   ()   ( , )
little less least
()   ()   ( , )
far further; farther furthest; farthest
()   ()   ( , )

(today, yesterday, tomorrow etc.) , . :

I met John in the cafeteria yesterday. .
Yesterday I met John in the cafeteria.  

recently (), lately ( ), before (, ) . :

I have never been there before. .

(usually, often, never, seldom, still, already, always, yet etc.) . :

always comes on time. .
I will never forget it. .
He has never spoken to me. .

to be. :

is usually works on the deck. .
Master often comes on the bridge. .

, . , , .

: 1) ; 2) ; 3) .

at
at one o'clock
at three o'clock
at 9:25 P.M.
at 9:25 ..
at noon 12
at midnight
at night
at that time
on
on Sunday (on Monday etc.) ( . .)
(on) Friday evening
on Monday, May 15, 1982 15 1982 .
on a day off
on a cold winter day
in  
in the morning
in the daytime
in the afternoon ,
in the evening
in the summer (in the fall etc.) ( . .)
in September (in October etc.) ( . .)
in 1980 1980 .
in an hour ( )
in three hours ( )
in a week ( )
in two months ( )
in a year ( )
  by  
by 8 o'clock 8
by the beginning of April
by the end of October
  since
since 6 o'clock
since May
since 1970 1970 .
  for   )
to study English for two years (for six months etc.) ( . .)
to stay at home for a week (for two days etc.) ( . .)
    )
to go to Boston (to the mountains etc.) for a week (for a month etc.) ( . .) ( . .)
  before   ,
before breakfast
before midnight
after
after six o'clock
after dinner
during , ,
during the lesson ,
during your watch ,
until ( )
He will not give an answer until next Friday. .
 
at   , ,
at the window
at sea
at the helm
at anchor
on
on the wall
on the table
on the bridge
in ,
in the cabin
in this building
in London
in the north
in the south
in the west
in the east
into   ( -.)
He walked into the room. .
He got into serious trouble. (.: )
  from   (), ,
He took a book from the table. .
I received a letter from my parents. .
I came from Odessa. () .
to   , ,
I am going to my cabin. .
He is going to work. .
I turn the helm to port or to starboard. .
Send two lines to the tug! .
near , , ()
near the door
near the window ( )
along
along the road
along the wall
  around   ,
around the table
around the house
around the store -
  across
across the road
across the river
  through   ,
through the tunnel
through the village
through the binoculars ()
  over   , ,
over the fireplace
over the telephone
He climbed over the fence. .
  in front (of)   ,
There is a garden in front of my house. .
Jack was sitting in front of his old schoolmate. .
Why did you stop in front of that house? ?
  between  
between Paris and London
between France and Belgium
  behind   ,
behind the house
behind the police precinct
  under  
under the table
under the book
  inside   ,
inside the house
  outside   ,
outside the house
  up   ,
up the hill (uphill)
up the river

 

  down  
down the hill (downhill)
down the river
  off   , ( , )
The house stands off the main road. .
The ship anchored five miles off the shore (offshore). .
  because of   -,
because of rain -
because of illness -
because of the noise -
  in view of  
in view of the serious political situation
in view of his professional experience

: with , without , against , for .

II.

. , . (), . .

. :

You can still catch Ann. She left just now. . . :

. .

Ann can still catch you. .

:

1) . 1) Subject.
2) . 2) Verb.
3) . 3) Indirect Object.
4)

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