Past Simple, Present Perfect , - ( ), , yesterday, last night, last week, last year, last Sunday, the day before yesterday (), an hour ago, a minute ago, two weeks ago; on Tuesday, May 16; in the spring 1980 etc.
Past Simple. :
a) | I spoke to Olga an hour ago. | |
. | ||
b) | I have spoken to her about it. | |
. | ||
a) | Last week I learned many new English words. | |
. | ||
b) | I have learned many new English words in this course. | |
() . | ||
a) | The tanker arrived in the port of Odessa yesterday. | |
. | ||
b) | The tanker has arrived in the port of Odessa on time. | |
. | ||
a) | You made a mistake a minute ago. | |
() . | ||
b) | You have made the same mistake several times. | |
. |
PAST PERFECT
Past Perfect to have (. ., had) (Past Participle) . :
I had worked | we had worked |
you had worked | you had worked |
he had worked | they had worked |
she had worked | |
it had worked |
( paype) Past Perfect:
Id worked | we'd worked |
you'd worked | you'd worked |
he'd worked | they'd worked |
she'd worked |
Past Perfect , - , . , , Past Perfect, : 1) Simple Past; 2) .
Past Perfect :
1. | Kate had left when I telephoned. | , () . |
2. | I had seen that movie before last year's New York Film Festival. | - . |
. , : ; . . , (. . ), Past Perfect.
. , , Past Perfect, Past Simpl, ( - ). . ., Past Perfect ( , - ).
Past Perfect . :
His friends noticed how sad he was during the dinner. He had got an unpleasant letter. | , . . |
. (Past Perfect). , (Past Simple).
Past Perfect . , , Past Perfect. :
1. | When we arrived at the Marine terminal, the ship had already come. | , . |
2. | Bob asked me why I had left the party so early. | , . |
3. | I asked Jeff where he had spent his vacation. | , . |
1. | When he had finished his work, he called his friend. | , . |
2. | By noon they had discharged the cargo. | . |
Past Perfect had . :
Jack had left by the time they arrived.
Had Jack left by the time they arrived?
Past Perfect not had. :
had taken the medicine when I entered the room.
He had not taken the medicine when I entered the room.
FUTURE PERFECT
Future Perfect ( ) will (shall) have Past Participle ( ) . Future Perfect to work:
I will have worked | we will have worked |
you will have worked | you will have worked |
he will have worked | they will have worked |
she will have worked | |
it will have worked |
Future Perfect :
1) , ( by). :
By this time next month, you will have forgotten all your present troubles. | . |
He will have repaired the transmitter by 3 oclock tomorrow. | . |
2) , . :
I am sure you will have recovered when I return from Europe. | , , , () . |
I hope you will have visited your friends before our ship leaves the port. | , , . |
1. | When Pavel comes home, he will have been a sailor for two years. | , , . |
2. | A month from now we will have came back home. | . |
3. | They will have loaded the cargo when your radiogram arrives. | , . |
Future Simple Future Perfect. :
I will read this book next week. | . |
I will have finished reading this book by tomorrow. | . |
The vessel will spend six days in the open sea. | . |
By tomorrow the vessel will have spent six days in the open sea. | . |
Passive Voice ( ) to be + Past Participle ( ) . ( to punish ).
Present Simple Passive Voice
I am punished | we are punished |
you are punished | you are punished |
he (she, it) is punished | they are punished |
Past Simple Passive Voice | |
I was punished | we were punished |
you were punished | you were punished |
he (she, it) was punished | they were punished |
Future Simple Passive Voice | |
I will be punished | We will be punished |
you will be punished | you will be punished |
he (she, it) will be punished | they will be punished |
Present Perfect Passive Voice | |
I have been punished | we have been punished |
you have been punished | you have been punished |
he (she, it) has been punished | they have been punished |
Past Perfect Passive Voice | |
I had been punished | |
you had been punished etc. | |
Present Continuous Passive Voice | |
I am being punished | we are being punished |
you are being punished | you are being punished |
he (she, it) is being punished | they are being punished |
Past Continuous Passive Voice | |
I was being punished | we were being punished |
you were being punished | you were being punished |
he (she, it) was being punished | they were being punished |
: | |
Active Voice | |
Tom delivers the mail. | . |
Tom delivered the mail. | . |
Tom will deliver the mail. | . |
Passive Voice | |
The mail is delivered by Tom. | . |
The mail was delivered by Tom. | . |
The mail will be delivered by Tom. | . |
, , , . :
Active Voice: Tom delivers the mail.
Passive Voice: The mail is delivered by Tom.
, , by. :
. | The work is done by Tom. |
. :
Present Simple Passive Voice | |
All the life-boats are painted regularly. | . |
Past Simple Passive Voice | |
This life-boat was painted a month ago. | . |
Future Simple Passive Voice | |
The rest life-boats will be painted next week. | . |
Present Perfect Passive Voice | |
He has not been seen for a week. | . |
Past Perfect Passive Voice | |
The sailor reported that the life-boat had been painted. | , - . |
Present Continuous Passive Voice | |
A new life-boat is being painted on our ship. | () . |
Past Continuous Passive Voice | |
When I returned to that Californian town, the hospital was still being built. | (-) , e . |
: 1) ; 2) , -; 3) - ( , ).
:
1) | I am invited to a party. | . . |
2) | The ships position was defined by the Chief-mate. | - . - . |
3) | We were asked to come as early as possible. | . |
, . Passive Voice -. :
1) . : to advise ; to ask ; to envy ; to give ; to grant , ; to offer ; to order ; to pay ; to promise ; to show ; to tell .
:
We were advised to be cautious. | -. |
I was asked to call Mr. Johnson. | - . |
I was paid cash. | . |
We were told to wait. | . |
, .
Passive Voice :
was shown a book. | . (: |
The book was shown to him. | ). |
2) . , , : to affect ; , ; to assist ; to follow ; to influence ; to join . Passive Voice, . :
The ice-breaker was followed by two vessels. | . |
- , it + . :
It has been suggested that the shore based radar assistanse is not available. | , . |
It is seen from Figure 3 that... | 3 , ... |
It is not known whether... | ,...... |
It was demonstrated that... | (), ... |
.
not, , . :
The merchandise was not delivered on time. | . |
The criminal has not been caught by the police. | . |
The negotiations will not be finished next week. | . |
. ( ) . :
Will the ship holds be cleaned before loading? | ? |
Is Mary interested in learning Russian? | ? |
Has your position been obtained by radar? | ? |
* * *
can, may, must, should be + Past Participle ( ) . have to, ought to be + Past Participle . :
This letter must be written today. | . |
This work can be done tomorrow. | . |
The bill has to be paid before the end of the month. | ( ) . |
1. | Greeting cards are sent by most Americans at holiday time. | - (.: - ). |
2. | English is spoken all over the world. | - . |
3. | This fascinating movie will be seen in many countries. | . |
(Subjunctive Mood) , , , , . . ., (Indicative Mood), . . , . . . , , Subjunctive Mood .
, Simple Present Tense. :
Subjunctive: He, she, it go, take, have.
Indicative: He, she, it goes, takes, has.
to be. : be Present Simple; were Past Simple Tense ( Past Simple to be were).
Subjunctive Mood :
) , , , , . . :
It is necessary that he see his lawyer. | , (.:... ). |
It is desirable that Jack's departure be postponed. | , . |
It is important that this question be settled as soon as possible. | , . |
I insist that the order be canceled. | , () . |
The officer recommended that the sailor have a rest. | . |
) as if, as though ( ). :
Boris speaks English as if he were American born. | -, . |
Johnson acted as though (as if) he were the owner of the firm. | , . |
George spoke to me as if we were old friends. | , . |
) , to wish ( I wish). , .......
I wish (that) Olga were here now. ( ). | , . |
I wish Olga had been in New York City last week. (; had been , Past Perfect ) | , -. |
I wish it were spring now. | , . |
I wish I had seen Igor yesterday. | , . |
) (. ). :
If there were more time, I could go ashore. | , . |
If I were young, I would study law. | , . |
If Joe were here, he would help you. | , . |
) , . :
If I were in Switzerland now! | ! |
If it were spring now! | ! |
(Verbals) (, ) , , . , . , , , , .
, . , , .
:
1. | Jack wants to become a sailor. | . |
2. | He used to play chess twice a week. | . |
3. | I would like to drink a glass of milk. | . |
4. | He does not want to be criticized by his colleagues. | , . |
5. | Jack was happy to have been praised by his Master. | , . |
:
Active | Passive | ||
Present | to ask | to be asked | - |
Perfect | to have asked | to have been asked | - |
Present Infinitive Active Voice.
, , , . :
1. | smoke is harmful. ( ) | ( ). |
2. | I prefer to read fiction in the evening. | - . |
to (, , , , , , Future Simple: I will work).
, to. .
I. (Modal Auxiliaries): may, might; can, could; must; should; would; needn't.
e:
1. | You may come to see us whenever you have time. | , . |
2. | The order may have been canceled. | , , . |
3. | The Johnsons might have invited us to their party. | . |
II. to let (; ).
:
1. | Let me say a few words. | . |
2. | Let us be friends. | . |
3. | Let him finish his work as soon as possible. | . |
4. | Let me stay here for a while. | . |
5. | Let's stop talking now. | . |
III. to see, to hear, to watch, to feel
- , , + . :
I heard my neighbors quarrel. | , . |
1. | No one heard him leave the house. | , . |
2. | I watched the sailors paint life-boats. | , - . |
3. | I saw the boat approach the rocky coast. | , . |
IV. to make ( ).
:
1. | made us wait three hours. | . |
2. | What makes you laugh? | - ? (.: ?) |
3. | The boatswain made the seamen paint the life-boats again. | . |
V. to had better ( , ) would rather ( ).
:
1. | You'd better call the doctor. | . |
2. | He'd better paint the life-boat more carefully. | . |
3. | Youd better apply for this job opening immediately. | . |
VI. to to help.
:
1. | She helped me pack my clothes. | . |
2. | My friend helped me look for my watch. | . |
3. | Could you help me lift this heavy box? | ? |
4. | Help him scrub down the deck. | . |
. .
, -ing, . .
, , .
:
Active | Passive | |||
Simple | seeing, writing | being seen, being written | : | |
Perfect | having seen, having written | having been seen, having been written | : | |
:
1. | John likes studying foreign languages. | - . |
2. | Little Paul likes being read fairy tales. | , . |
3. | I don't remember having seen such a movie. | , . |
4. | I remember having been informed of the conference. | , - . |
() . . . :
1. | is fond of playing chess. | . |
2. | Jack is proud of being among the winners of the contest. | , . |
3. | I am very glad at knowing it. | . |
4. | He left the room without saying good-bye. | . |
, .
. : to be afraid (); to begin, to start (); to continue (); to forget (); to hate (; ); to intend (); to like, to love (; );to prefer ().
:
1. | I like traveling in summer. I like to travel in summer. | . |
2. | I will start working next week. I will start to work next week. | . |
3. | We continued discussing the agenda for the meeting. We continued to discuss the agenda for the meeting. | . |
, , . : to appreciate ( ); to forgive (); to keep, to keep on (); to enjoy ( ; ); to finish (, ); to prevent (); cannot help; cannot resist ( ...; ... . .); to excuse (); to deny (); to mind ( ); to avoid (); to refrain (); to be capable of... ( -).
:
1. | I would appreciate your calling me back. | , . |
2. | Please excuse my disturbing you. | , . |
3. | I enjoyed traveling round the world last year. | . |
4. | I have finished lubricating the deck equipment. | . |
(Participle) , . (Verbal Adjective). , ( , , .). . , ( ): ) , -; ) , , , -. .
, .
:
Active | Passive | |
Present | seeing, writing | being seen, being written |
Past | seen, written | |
Perfect | having seen, having written | having been seen, having been asked |
Present Participle Active Voice -ing ( to): to see seeing, to write writing.
-, : to drive driving.
, : to stop stopping.
-ie, , a i : to lie lying; to die dying.
Present Participle Passive Voice to be : to see being seen; to write being written.
Past Participle Passive Voice , Past Simple, . . -ed: used, advertised. Past Participle Passive Voice ( ): seen, written, driven, read.
Perfect Participle Active Voice to have : having seen, having written, having driven, having read.
Perfect Participle Passive Voice to be Perfect Participle (having been) : having been seen, having been asked.
: Present Participle Active Voice; Past Participle Passive Voice. :
Present Participle Active Voice
The woman sitting in the armchair is the Master's wife. | , , . |
Approaching the harbour the ship ordered two tugs. | , . |
The Master altered the ships course, passing a dangerous place. | , . |
The passing vessel is a new ocean-going liner. | . |
Past Participle Passive Voice
John has bought a used car. | , . |
The Master is looking for a checked chart. | . |
The advertised merchandise was not available at the store. | . |
The message transmitted by the Chief-operator is on the Masters table. | , , . |
. , . :
We are discussing the radiogram received by radio-operator. | , . |
. |
(, ).
Don't wake up the sleeping child. | He . |
The child sleeping on the sofa is sick. | , , . |
. |
( -, -, -, -, -, -, -), . . . Participial Phrases (. . ). :
1. | Not feeling well, Igor decided not to go ashore. | , . |
2. | Seeing her friend, Ann cried with joy. | , . |
3. | Asking me about my summer plans, Mr. Smith smiled all of a sudden. | , - . |
, . ( -) Present Participle, , , -. :
, , . | The sailor reading an English book used a dictionary. |
, , . :
, , . | The motorman who has repaired this engine is here. |
(Adverbs) , , . .
:
spoke slowly. | . |
The buoys are constantly shifted. | . |
works rapidly. | . |
Victor studies English very seriously. | . |
:
1. : often, now, much, here, there, rather.
2. ( -ly ): easy easily; soft softly; clear clearly; part partly.
3. : everywhere, upstairs, downstairs, uphill, downhill, somehow, sometimes, anyway, anyhow.
4. : at last (), at first (), at best ( ), by and large ( ).
:
1. : today, yesterday, tomorrow, soon.
2. : often, frequently, seldom, never, sometimes.
3. : here, there, forward, uphill.
4. : therefore, consequently.
5. : quickly, beautifully, easily, hard.
6. : very, almost, rather, quite, nearly.
. : hard, fast, late, early, low. :
1. | John works very hard. | . |
It is a hard job. | . | |
2. | The Masters orders must be executed quickly. | . |
The pilot boat was very fast. | . | |
3. | The sailors get up early. | . |
prefers an early retirement. | . | |
4. | Joe came very late. | . |
Will he come at such a late hour? | ? | |
5. | The helicopter flew very low. | . |
The room has a low ceiling. | . |
, : nearly, hardly, lately. :
It's nearly time for dinner. | . |
I could hardly understand what he was saying. | () , . |
I haven't seen her lately. | . |
badly : 1) ; 2) . : | |
John dances badly. | . |
I need you badly. | . |
to feel (), to look (), to seem (), to taste ( ), to sound (), to become () . ( to be, ). :
Do you feel comfortable? | ? |
She looks pale. | (.: ). |
You look very good. | . |
This name sounds familiar to me. | . |
The situation seemed hopeless. | . |
The ship become famous over night. | . |
, . ( ). :
Boatswain looked angrily at him. | ( angrily to look). |
The Chiefmate felt very nervous. | ( nervous , ). |
, .
-r, -est, . : more ; most . :
hard harder hardest;
fast faster fastest;
soon sooner soonest;
correctly more correctly most correctly.
. :
well | better | best | ||
() | () | ( , ) | ||
badly | worse | worst | ||
() | () | ( , ) | ||
much | more | most | ||
() | () | ( , ) | ||
little | less | least | ||
() | () | ( , ) | ||
far | further; farther | furthest; farthest | ||
() | () | ( , ) |
(today, yesterday, tomorrow etc.) , . :
I met John in the cafeteria yesterday. | . |
Yesterday I met John in the cafeteria. |
recently (), lately ( ), before (, ) . :
I have never been there before. | . |
(usually, often, never, seldom, still, already, always, yet etc.) . :
always comes on time. | . |
I will never forget it. | . |
He has never spoken to me. | . |
to be. :
is usually works on the deck. | . |
Master often comes on the bridge. | . |
, . , , .
: 1) ; 2) ; 3) .
at | |
at one o'clock | |
at three o'clock | |
at 9:25 P.M. | |
at 9:25 .. | |
at noon | 12 |
at midnight | |
at night | |
at that time | |
on | |
on Sunday (on Monday etc.) | ( . .) |
(on) Friday evening | |
on Monday, May 15, 1982 | 15 1982 . |
on a day off | |
on a cold winter day | |
in | |
in the morning | |
in the daytime | |
in the afternoon | , |
in the evening | |
in the summer (in the fall etc.) | ( . .) |
in September (in October etc.) | ( . .) |
in 1980 | 1980 . |
in an hour | ( ) |
in three hours | ( ) |
in a week | ( ) |
in two months | ( ) |
in a year | ( ) |
by | |
by 8 o'clock | 8 |
by the beginning of April | |
by the end of October | |
since | |
since 6 o'clock | |
since May | |
since 1970 | 1970 . |
for | ) |
to study English for two years (for six months etc.) | ( . .) |
to stay at home for a week (for two days etc.) | ( . .) |
) | |
to go to Boston (to the mountains etc.) for a week (for a month etc.) | ( . .) ( . .) |
before | , |
before breakfast | |
before midnight | |
after | |
after six o'clock | |
after dinner | |
during | , , |
during the lesson | , |
during your watch | , |
until | ( ) |
He will not give an answer until next Friday. | . |
at | , , |
at the window | |
at sea | |
at the helm | |
at anchor | |
on | |
on the wall | |
on the table | |
on the bridge | |
in | , |
in the cabin | |
in this building | |
in London | |
in the north | |
in the south | |
in the west | |
in the east | |
into | ( -.) |
He walked into the room. | . |
He got into serious trouble. | (.: ) |
from | (), , |
He took a book from the table. | . |
I received a letter from my parents. | . |
I came from Odessa. | () . |
to | , , |
I am going to my cabin. | . |
He is going to work. | . |
I turn the helm to port or to starboard. | . |
Send two lines to the tug! | . |
near | , , () |
near the door | |
near the window | ( ) |
along | |
along the road | |
along the wall | |
around | , |
around the table | |
around the house | |
around the store | - |
across | |
across the road | |
across the river | |
through | , |
through the tunnel | |
through the village | |
through the binoculars | () |
over | , , |
over the fireplace | |
over the telephone | |
He climbed over the fence. | . |
in front (of) | , |
There is a garden in front of my house. | . |
Jack was sitting in front of his old schoolmate. | . |
Why did you stop in front of that house? | ? |
between | |
between Paris and London | |
between France and Belgium | |
behind | , |
behind the house | |
behind the police precinct | |
under | |
under the table | |
under the book | |
inside | , |
inside the house | |
outside | , |
outside the house | |
up | , |
up the hill (uphill) | |
up the river |
down | |
down the hill (downhill) | |
down the river | |
off | , ( , ) |
The house stands off the main road. | . |
The ship anchored five miles off the shore (offshore). | . |
because of | -, |
because of rain | - |
because of illness | - |
because of the noise | - |
in view of | |
in view of the serious political situation | |
in view of his professional experience |
: with , without , against , for .
II.
. , . (), . .
. :
You can still catch Ann. She left just now. | . . : |
. .
Ann can still catch you. | . |
:
1) | . | 1) | Subject. | ||
2) | . | 2) | Verb. | ||
3) | . | 3) | Indirect Object. | ||
4)
: 2016-07-29; !; : 873 | : : , , . |
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