2.4. , , , , .
. .
2.5
[Zn(NH3)4]Cl2 | 1' | [Co(H2O)(NH3)4(CN)]Br2 | |
[Al(H2O)6]Cl3 | 2' | [Co(NH3)5(SO4)]NO3 | |
K2[BeF4] | 3' | [Pd(NH3)3Cl]Cl | |
K[Al(OH)4] | 4' | (NH4)3[RhCl6] | |
K2[Be(SO4)2] | 5' | K2[Co(NH3)2(NO2)4] | |
[Pt(NH3)2Cl2] | 6' | K2[Pt(OH)5Cl] | |
[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 | 7' | K2[Cu(CN)4] | |
[Cr(H2O)5Cl]SO4 | 8' | [Cr(H2O)4(PO4)] | |
[Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl | 9' | [Cu(NH3)2(SCN)2] | |
[Pt(NH3)3Cl]Cl | 10' | [Rh(NH3)3(NO2)3] | |
[Co(NH3)5Br]SO4 | 11' | [Pt(NH3)2Cl4] | |
Ba[Cr(NH3)2(SCN)4]2 | 12' | [Co(NH3)5(H2O)]Cl3 | |
(NH4)2[Pt(OH)2Cl4] | 13' | [Ag(NH3)2]NO3 | |
[Pd(H2O)(NH3)2Cl]Cl | 14' | K[Ag(CN)2] | |
[Cu(NH3)4](NO3)2 | 15' | [Co(NH3)3(NO2)3] |
2.5. -: K2MnO4, Ba(ClO3)2, F2O, Ca(NO3)2,H2SiF6, H2O2, Cr2(SO4)3.
2.6. , . ?
2.7. - - ? , .
2.8. . ? .
2.9. , 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 6.
2.10. NH ?
2.11. : 3+, NCl3 ?
2.12. : CaCrO4, Sr(ClO)2, F2O,3(4)2, NH4NO3, Fe2(SO4)3.
2.13. : AlCl3 3. .
2.14. : 2, F2. .
2.15. : FeS, K3[Fe(CN)6], Fe2O3, Mn[PtF6], CH2Cl2, CH3COOH.
2.16. ? .
2.17. , .
2.18. sp 3-? -. ?
2.19. BCl3 NH3?
2.20. 2? 2 2.
2.21. SiF4.
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2.22. : HFHClHBrHI? .
2.23. 4, NH3 NH .
2.24. BF3 BF . BF ?
2.25. BF3 NF3 0 0,2 D. .
2.26. σ- π-? .
2.27. sp 2-? ? .
2.28. sp - ? , sp - . ?
2.29. , 1 s 22 s 22 p 6.
2.30. ? : HCl, Cl2, RbCl? .
2.31. PbCl2 , HgCl2 . .
2.32. ? .
2.33. II ? ? : ) BeF2; ) BF3; ) CF4; ) NH3; ) H2O; ) PCl5?
2.34. , : ) σ-; ) σ- π-; ) σ- π-; ) σ- π-; ) σ- π-.
2.35. σ- π- : ) SF6, CCl4; ) SO3, SO2; ) PCl5, POCl3; ) C2H4; C2H2; ) SO2Cl2, COCl2?
3.1.
4 () + 22 () = 2 () + 22 () + 890,31
, 100 (..) ?
, 1 (22,4 ) (4). 100 (..) , , 100 ( Δ ).
3.2. 27 836,8 . (Al2O3).
1 , , 1 Al2O3 2 Al, 54 .
:
27 836,8 ,
54 Q ,
/,
= 1673,6 /.
3.3. (Δ U) :
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4NH3 () + 5O2 () = 4NO () + 6H2O ().
. . 1.
,
(4+6) (4+5) = 1,
n .
490,37 + 6(-241,84) 4(46,19) = = 904,8 ;
R = 8,3110-3 /; = 298 ;
Δ U = 904,8 8,3129810-3 = 907,28 .
3.4. (CS2) :
S () + 2 () = SO2 () Δ 1 = -296,9 ,
CS2 () + 32 () = 2 () + 2SO2 () Δ 2 = -1109,0 ,
() + 2 () = 2 () Δ 3 = -393,5 .
CS2 ():
() + 2S () = S2 () + Δ .
Δ , , Δ i:
2 S() + 2 = SO2 () + Δ 1
1 () + 2 = 2 + Δ 3
- 1 CS2 () + 32 = 2 () + 2SO2 + Δ 2
2S (p) + 3O2 + C () 32 S2 = 2SO2 + CO2 CO2 2SO2 =
= 2 Δ 1 + Δ 3 Δ 2
2S () + () = CS2 + 2 Δ 1 + Δ 3 Δ 2
Δ x = 2 Δ 1 Δ 3 + Δ 2 = 121,7 /.
3.5. (), (/), () :
2 () + 22 () = 4 () + 2 ().
= 1 = 298 ? - 298 1000 .
(- ..1).
= = -247,35 .
= -256,21 /.
:
= - 298 = 247,35 298(256,21) 10-3 = = 170,99 , . . 298 .
, = 0.
, .
. 1000
, = 1000 .
: = 247,35 ; = 256 /;
= 170,99 ;
. = 965 ; = 1030; = 0,34.
3.6. - , ?
: , , , , ; 3:1:2:1:4.
(. .2) - : 330 /100 , 158 /100 , 33 /100 , 207 /100 , 91 /100 . 3:1:2:1:4, : 300 , 100 , 200 , 100 , 400 . (Q) ():
Q = 330,3 + 158,1 + 33,2 + 207,1 + 91,4 = 1758 .
, Q . = 3300 /, , Q . = 2800 /. (n)
n = Q ./ Q.
, , n = 3300/1758 = 1,87 , 1,87, . . 3001,87 = 561 , 1001,87 = 187 , 2001,87 = = 374 , 1001,87 = 187 , 4001,87 = 748 . , , .
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3.1. , 100 (..) . .
3.1
C2H6() + 3,5O2() = 2CO2() + 2H2O() + 1559,88 | |
C2H2() + 2,5O2() = 2CO2() + H2O() + 1299,63 | |
C2H4() + 3O2() = 2CO2() + 2H2O() + 1410,97 | |
C3H8() + 5O2() = 3CO2() + 4H2O() + 2219,99 | |
C3H6() + 4,5O2() = 3CO2() + 3H2O() + 2017,64 | |
C4H10() + 6,5O2() = 4CO2() + 5H2O() + 3127,94 | |
C4H8() + 6O2() = 4CO2() + 4H2O() + 2718,51 | |
C4H6() + 5,5O2() = 4CO2() + 3H2O() + 2543,46 | |
C5H12() + 8O2() = 5CO2() + 6H2O() + 3536,19 | |
C5H10() + 7,5O2() = 5CO2() + 5H2O() + 3319,51 | |
C3H4() + 4O2() = 3CO2() + 2H2O() + 1944,31 | |
C6H6() + 7,5O2() = 6CO2() + 3H2O() + 2120,98 | |
C6H12() + 9O2() = 6CO2() + 6H2O() + 2772,47 | |
C6H14() + 9,5O2() = 6CO2() + 7H2O() + 3414,22 | |
C6H8() + 8O2() = 6CO2() + 4H2O() + 2331,97 |
. .
3.2
, | , | ||
1 | Al | 836,8 | |
2 | B | 27,5 | 1569,0 |
3 | P | 6192,3 | |
4 | Fe | 4100,3 | |
5 | Si | 2,8 | 87,2 |
6 | Li | 1190,8 | |
7 | Ca | 2538,9 | |
8 | Fe | 539,7 | |
9 | S | 1485,3 | |
10 | Na | 416,3 | |
11 | K | 780,0 | |
12 | Cr | 285,3 | |
13 | Zn | 40,2 | |
14 | Ca | 14,0 | |
15 | Mg | 300,5 |
3.2. , - D H D U .
3.3
. () + 1/2 2 () () . () + 2 () 2 () . 2 () + 32 () 26 () | 1 | . 1/2N2 () + 3/2 H2() NH3() . N2 () + 2H2 () N2H4 () . N2()+ 22() N2H2 () | |
. S () + O2 () SO2 () . S () + 3/2O2 () SO3 () . S () + H2 () H2S () | 2 | . 1/2N2 () + 1/2O2 () NO () . 1/2N2 () + O2 () NO2 () . N2 + 5/2O2 () N2O5 () | |
. H2 () + O2 () H2O2 () . H2 () + 1/2O2 () H2O () . H2 () + 1/2O2 () H2O () | 3 | . Al () + 1/2Cl2 () AlCl () . Al () + 3/2Cl2 () AlCl3 () . Al() + 3/2Cl2() AlCl3() |
, Qv Qp .
3.4
. Cl2 () + 1/2O2 () Cl2O () . Cl2 () + 5/2O2 () Cl2O5 () . Cl2 () + 3/2O2 () Cl2O3 () | 4 | . C () + 2H2 () CH4 () . 2C () + 3H2 () C2H6 () . 6C () + 3H2 () C6H6 () |
() .
3.5
2l2 + 22() = 4l () + 2 | 5 | 2CO() + 2H2() = CH4() + CO2() | |
CO2 () + C () = 2CO () | 6 | 2SO2 () + O2 () = 2SO3 () | |
2CH4() = C2H4() + 2H2() | 7 | COCl2() = CO() + Cl2() |
.
3.6
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Cl () Cl () CaCO3 () CaO() + CO2() | 8 | N2 () + 3 H2 () 2 NH3 () Ag+() + Cl- () AgCl () | |
CuO () Cu() + 1/2 O2() Cl2 () 2 Cl () | 9 | CO2() = CO2() 2NO() + O2() = 2NO2() | |
2H2S() + 3O2 = 2H2O() + + 2SO2() | 10 | MgO() + H2() = Mg() + + H2O() | |
C() + CO2 = 2CO() | 11 | CH3COOH() = = CH3COO-() + H+() | |
. 3.6 | |||
4HCl() + O2() = 2Cl2() + +2H2O() | 12 | NH4NO3() = N2O() + 2H2O() | |
2CO() + 2H2() = CH4() + +CO2() | 13 | COCl2 () = CO () + Cl2 () | |
2SO2 () + O2 () = 2SO3 () | 14 | CH4() + 2O2() = CO2() + +2H2O() | |
2CH4 () = C2H2 () + 3H2 () 2CH4 () = C2H4 () + 2H2 () | 15 | 2CO () + O2 () = 2CO2 () CO () + H2O () = CO2 () + +H2 () |
3.3. , :
() + 2 = 2 + 393,51 ,
() + 2 = 2 + 395,40 .
3.4.
Na2CO3 + 10H2O = Na2CO3 × 10H2O,
Na2CO3 + aq = Na2CO3 × aq D H = 25,12
Na2CO3 × 10H2O + aq = Na2CO3 × aq + 10H2O D H = 66,99 .
3.5. 2O3 () = 3O2 () D H = 288,90 .
D H ,