= 0,2145 B.
Zn | Zn2+, - Pb | Pb2+.
() Zn | ZnSO4 (0,01 M) || Pb(NO3)2 (0,001 M) | Pb (+).
Zn0 = Zn+2 + 2 | - | |||
Pb2+ + 2 = Pb0 | - | - |
Zn0 + Pb2+ = Zn2+ + Pb0.
2
, .
1 E 298 = φ φ = φ φ =
= 0,2145 ( 0,822) = 0,6075 .
2
E 298 = φ φ = φ + lg φ
lg = (φ φ ) + lg = ( 0,126
(0,763)) + lg = 0,6075 B.
, z 1, z 2.
6.4. I, A, m . , B i, %, , . .
: CoSO4; I = 1,25 A; m = 1,0883 ; B i = 72 %.
.
() Fe | CoSO4, H2O | Ti (+).
; .
CoSO4 Co2+ + SO ( );
CoSO4 + 2H2O = Co(OH)2 + H2SO4 ();
2+ + 22 = ()2 + 2+, < 7, .
, 2+, SO , +, SO4, H2O, Co(OH)2.
: 22 = 2 + 4+ + 4 ;
: 2+ + 2 = 0; 2+ + 2 = 2.
- (II) 100 %.
CoSO4 :
CoSO4
+ 4 .+ 4 .
. :
() Fe | CoSO4, H2O | Co (+).
:
:20 = 22+ + 4 .
:2+ + 2 = 0,
2+ + 2 = 2.
SO4 c :
CoSO4
2+ + 2 = 0,
2+ + 2 = 2. 20 = 2 + 4 .
t:
≈ 1,1 .
6.5. , , . , . ?
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: Ag+, Cr3+, Zn2+, Sn2+, H+.
.
Ag+ | Cr3+ | Zn2+ | Sn2+ | H+ | |
Ag+/Ag0 | Cr3+/Cr0 | Zn2+/Zn0 | Sn2+/Sn0 | 2H+/H | |
φ0, | 0,799 | -0,744 | -0,763 | -0,136 | |
η, | 0,18 | 0,41 | 0,03 | 0,01 | 0,18 ( Ag) |
,
.
Ag+/Ag0 | Cr3+/Cr0 | Zn2+/Zn0 | Sn2+/Sn0 | 2+/02 | |
φ i, | 0,619 | -1,154 | -0,766 | -0,146 | -0,18 ( Ag) |
, .
φ i, | 0,619 | -0,146 | -0,18 | -0,766 | -1,154 |
Ag+/Ag0 | Sn2+/Sn0 | 2H+/H | Zn2+/Zn0 | Cr3+/Cr0 | |
Ag+ | Sn2+ | H+ | Zn2+ | Cr3+ |
, Ag+. , , Ag+, Sn2+, , , , . , , Ag+.
: .
6.1. - :
) ; ) ; ) - ; ) ; )
) ;
) .
6.1
H2O2 + KMnO4 + H2SO4 MnSO4 + K2SO4 + O2 + H2O | |
NaNO2 + NaI + H2SO4 NO + I2 + Na2SO4 + H2O | |
NaI + H2SO4 + MnO2 NaHSO4 + H2O + I2 + MnSO4 | |
MnSO4 + S + K2SO4 + H2O KMnO4 + H2S + H2SO4 | |
K2SO4+ Cr2(SO4)3+ Fe2(SO4)3+ H2O K2Cr2O7+H2SO4+FeSO4 | |
KCl + Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O KClO3 + FeSO4 + H2SO4 | |
FeCl3 + MnCl2 + KCl + H2O FeCl2 + KMnO4 + HCl | |
K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 + SO2 | |
K2Cr2O7 + H2S + H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3 + S + K2SO4 + H2O | |
K2SO4 + I2 + NO2 + H2O KI + HNO3 + H2SO4 | |
Fe2(SO4)3 + NO + H2O FeSO4 + HNO3 + H2SO4 | |
MnSO4+Br2+Na2SO4+K2SO4 + H2O KMnO4 + NaBr + H2SO4 | |
. 6.1 | |
HMnO4 + Pb(NO3)2 + H2O PbO2 + Mn(NO3)2 + HNO3 | |
KCl + NaCl + H2O + CO2 KClO3 + Na2C2O4 + HCl | |
Na2C2O4+KMnO4+H2SO4 MnSO4+K2SO4+Na2SO3+H2O+CO2 | |
1 | K2MnO4 + O2 + H2O KMnO4 + H2O2 + KOH |
2 | MnCl2 + Cl2 + KCl + H2O KMnO4 + HCl |
3 | HNO2 + KMnO4 + H2SO4 HNO3 + MnSO4 + K2SO4 + H2O |
4 | PbSO4 + ZnSO4 + H2O PbO2 + H2SO4 + Zn |
5 | Al2(SO4)3+Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+H2O Al+K2Cr2O7+H2SO4 |
6 | K2CrO4 + KBr +H2O + KCl CrCl3 + Br2 + KOH |
7 | Na2SO4 + I2 + K2SO4 + H2O Na2SO3 + KIO3 + H2SO4 |
8 | Na2SO4 + Ag + NaNO3 + H2O Na2SO3 + AgNO3 + NaOH |
9 | KI + KNO2 + H2SO4 I2 + NO + K2SO4 + H2O |
10 | CO2 + MnSO4 + H2O H2C2O4 + MnO2 + H2SO4 |
11 | H2O2 + PbO2 + CH3COOH O2 + Pb(CH3COO)2 + H2O |
12 | Ti(SO4)2+MnSO4+ K2SO4 + H2O Ti2(SO4)3 + KMnO4 + H2SO4 |
13 | KBr + MnO2 + KCl + H2O KBrO + MnCl2 + KOH |
14 | MnSO4 + NaHSO4 + H2O + Cl2 MnO2 + NaCl + H2SO4 |
15 | K2Cr2O7 + KI + H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3 + I2 + K2SO4 + H2O |
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6.2. .
, . , , .
6.2
PbO2 () + 2H2SO4 () + Zn () = PbSO4 () + ZnSO4 () + 2H2O () | |
PbO2 () + 2H2SO4 () + Cd () = PbSO4 () + CdSO4 () + 2H2O () | |
Cu2Cl2 () + Mg () = 2Cu () + MgCl2 () | |
2Ag () + MgCl2 () = 2AgCl () + Mg () | |
PbO2 () + 2H2SO4 () + Pb () = 2PbSO4 () + 2H2O () | |
2Pb () + O2 () + 2H2O () = 2Pb(OH)2 () | |
O2 () + 2Sn () + 2H2O () = 2Sn(OH)2 () | |
O2 () + 2Mn () + 2H2O () = 2Mn(OH)2 () | |
Ag2O () + Cd () = 2Ag () + CdO () | |
O2 () + 2Fe () + 2H2O () = 2Fe(OH)2 () | |
HgO (.) + Zn () = ZnO () + Hg () | |
2CuCl () + Mg () = MgCl2 () + 2Cu () | |
Th () + O2 () + 2H2O () = Th(OH)4 () | |
. 6.2 | |
2Ga () + 3/2 O2 () + 3H2O () = 2Ga(OH)3 () | |
1 | O2 () + 2Mg () + 2H2O () = 2Mg(OH)2 () |
2 | O2 () + 2Ni () + 2H2O () = 2Ni(OH)2 () |
3 | 3/2 O2 () + 2Fe () + 3H2O () = 2Fe(OH)3 () |
4 | Ag2O () + Zn () = 2Ag () + ZnO () |
5 | CuCl2 () = CuCl () + ½ Cl2 () |
6 | Cl2 () + Zn () = ZnCl2 () |
7 | 2H2O () + 2Li () = 2LiOH () + H2 () |
8 | O2 () + 4Li () + 2CO2 () = 2Li2CO3 () |
9 | Mg () + 2H2O () = Mg(OH)2 () + H2 () |
10 | O2 () + 2Zn () = 2ZnO () |
11 | 3/2 O2 () + 2Au () + 3H2O () = 2Au(OH)3 () |
12 | 2Cd () + O2 () + 2H2O () = 2Cd(OH)2 () |
13 | 5Zn()+2KIO3()+6H2SO4()=5ZnSO4()+I2()+K2SO4()+6H2O () |
14 | PbSO4 () + H2O () = Pb () + ½ O2 () + H2SO4 () |
6.3. , , ; .
6.3
Cr, Al | CrCl3, AlI3 | ||
Mn, Co | MnCl2, CoCl2 | ||
Fe, Cd | FeCl2, CdBr2 | ||
Cu, Ag | CuSO4, AgNO3 | ||
Sn, Al | SnBr2, AlCl3 | ||
Au, Fe | AuCl3, FeCl2 | ||
Cd, In | CdBr2, In(NO3)3 | ||
Sb, Co | SbF3, CoCl2 | ||
Cd, Ni | CdCl2, NiSO4 | ||
Re, Co | ReCl3, Co(NO3)2 | ||
Pd, Cd | PdSO4, CdI2 | ||
Sb, Co | SbCl3, CoSO4 | ||
. 6.3 | |||
Cr, Sn | CrBr3, SnCl4 | ||
Nd, Mn | NdCl3, MnSO4 | ||
Sn, Cd | SnBr2, CdSO4 | ||
1 | Ti, Cr | TiCl3, CrCl2 | |
2 | Mn, In | MnSO4, InBr3 | |
3 | Pd, Cr | PdCl2, CrCl3 | |
4 | Ni, Nd | Ni(NO3)2, NdCl3 | |
5 | Re, Cr | ReCl3, Cr(NO3)3 | |
6 | Cu, Cd | CuCl2, CdBr2 | |
7 | In, Cr | In(NO3)3, Cr2(SO4)2 | |
8 | Mn, Cu | MnCl2, Cu(NO3)2 | |
9 | Ni, Cu | NiSO4, CuBr2 | |
10 | Ti, Fe | TiCl3, FeBr2 | |
11 | Cr, Fe | CrCl3, FeCl3 | |
12 | Mn, In | Mn(NO3)2, InCl3 | |
13 | Pd, Fe | PdCl2, Fe(NO3)3 | |
14 | Ni, In | NiCl2, InBr3 | |
15 | Re, Fe | ReCl3, Fe2(SO4)3 |
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