1.5. λ = = 600 . ?
1.6. 5,4410-19, 2,4210-19 1,3610-19 . , .
1.7. , , 0,01 .
1.8. n = 3.
1.9. n = 5 n = 1?
1.10. λ , n = 4 n = 2.
1.11. .
1.12. : 35Cl 37Cl. 35,45. .
1.13. : 63Cu 65Cu. , 63,54.
1.14. : 39K 41K. , 39,098.
1.15. : 36Ar 40Ar. , 39,948.
1.16. , 25 26, 10 13 % . , 24,305.
1.17. : n, l, ml? .
1.18. : n, l, ms? .
1.19. - : l, ml, ms? .
1.20. : n, ml, ms? .
1.21. , s - , - , d - f - . s-, p-, d- f- .
1.22. n, l, ml, ms? .
1.23. n = 3 l = 2?
1.24. n, l, ml, ms,
|
|
n | l | ml | ms | |
.. |
1.25. - , - : n = 5, ln = 1, ml = 0, ms = +1/2?
1.26. d - , - : n = 4, ln = 2, ml = 1, ms = +1/2?
1.27. f - , - : n = 5, ln = 3, ml = 2, ms = +1/2?
1.28. ? :
) 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 1; ) 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 64 s 23 d 4;
) 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 64 s 23 d 104 p 3; ) 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 1.
1.29. 23V 33As d- -.
1.30. 38Sr 48d s- d- .
1.31. 57La 58 .
1.32. , :
) 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 64 s 23 d 4; ) 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 64 s 23 d 104 p 4;
) 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 64 s 23 d 104 p 65 s 1.
, , .
1.33. , :
As3-; Ga3+; Ge4-; Kr0; Zr4+; Se2-.
.
1.34. - . . -.
1.35. I ? , , .
1.36. :
I 1 = 8,29 ; I 2 = 25,16 ; I 3 = 37,9 ; I 4 = 258,73 .
.
1.37. , , ns 2(n 1) d 6?
1.38. S; N. . .
2.1. Cr . .
: 0, +2, +3, +6.
:
Cr0 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 64 s 13 d 5,
Cr+2 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 63 d 4,
Cr+3 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 63 d 3,
Cr+6 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 6.
|
|
, [Cr0(CO)6].
+2 Cr(OH)2, CrCl2 .
+3 Cr2O3. .
+6 CrO3, K2CrO4 .
2.2. () - 3. ? s- p- ? ?
? ( )? .
:
1 s
5: 1 s 22 s 22 p 1
2
2 s
. 2 s - 2 -:
5*: 1 s 22 s 12 p 2
2
2 s 2 - sp 2- , 120 :
s - s-:
3 .
- ; () = 2,0; () = 2,1. , . 3 , , , .
, 3 s- sp 2- . 3 , s-, . sp 2-.
2.3. - , HF, HCl, HBr, HI . ?
:
: 2,1; F 4; Cl 3,0; Br 2,8; I 2,5.
: HF HCl HBr HI
D: 1,9 0,9 0,7 0,4
, : HI HBr HCl HF; . HF F; HCl Cl; HBr Br; HI I.
2.4. , -, , , .
. .
2- : Na[Co(SCN)4(H2O)2] [Fe(NH3)5(NO2)]Cl2.
. , . . , . : I , Cl , F , NO , NO , OH , CN , SCN , : 2, NH3. .
|
|
- . . . .
, .. , , . , .. , . , , .
( [Co(SCN)4(H2O)2]1-, [Fe(NH3)5NO2]2+), , , . 3+ : (SCN) (2)0, 6, Fe3+ (NH3)0 (NO2), 6. Na+ Cl . , (. 2.1, 2.2).
. 2.1. Na[Co(SCN)4(H2O)2]
(III)
. 2.2. [Fe(NH3)5 NO2]Cl2
(III)
, , . . - :
Na[Co(SCN)4(H2O)2] Na+ + [Co(SCN)4(H2O)2] ;
[Fe(NH3)5NO2]Cl2 [Fe(NH3)5NO2]2+ + 2Cl .
. , .
, . 2.1 . , , .
, 1- 3+, Fe3+.
2.1
Na[Co(SCN)4(H2O)2] | [Fe(NH3)5NO2]Cl2 | |
- | Na+[Cox(SCN) (H2O) ] | [Fex(NH3) NO ]Cl |
- | 3+ | Fe2+ |
SCN , H2O0 | NH , (NO2) | |
4 + 2 = 6 | 5 + 1 = 6 | |
[Co(SCN)4(H2O)2] | [Fe(NH3)5NO2]2+ | |
Na+ | Cl | |
Na[Co(SCN)4(H2O)2] Na+ + [Co(SCN)4(H2O)2] | [Fe(NH3)5(NO2)]Cl2 [Fe(NH3)5(NO2)]2+ + 2Cl |
, , . .
Na+[Cox(SCN) (H2O) ] [Fex(NH3) (NO )]Cl
1+ + 4(-1) + 20 = 0 + 05 + (-1) + (-1)2 = 0
= +3. = +3.
Na[Co(SCN)4(H2O)2] (III) ;
|
|
[Fe(NH3)5 NO2]Cl2 (III).
2.1. . .
2.2
Mn | 1' | N | |
Br | 2' | Sb | |
P | 3' | Sn | |
As | 4' | Ni | |
Si | 5' | Ti | |
Se | 6' | C | |
I | 7' | F | |
Al | 8' | Pb | |
Cl | 9' | Zn | |
Co | 10' | Cu | |
V | 11' | Au | |
W | 12' | Fe | |
Nb | 13' | Ca | |
O | 14' | Rb | |
S | 15' | Ag |
2.2. . ? s- p- ? ? ? ( )? .
2.3
2 | 1' | C2H4 | |
3 | 2' | SiF4 | |
l2 | 3' | OF2 | |
O2 | 4' | PCl3 | |
NH3 | 5' | AsH3 | |
CF4 | 6' | SbH3 | |
. 2.3 | |||
BeBr2 | 7' | BeI2 | |
H2S | 8' | CH3F | |
N2 | 9' | H2Te | |
SiH4 | 10' | HI | |
BCl3 | 11' | I2 | |
H2Se | 12' | C2H2 | |
HBr | 13' | CCl4 | |
Br2 | 14' | AlCl3 | |
CO2 | 15' | COCl2 |
2.3. , . ?
2.4
NH3,PH3,AsH3,SbH3 | 1' | LiCl,NaCl,KCl,RbCl | |
BeF2,BF3,CF4,NF3 | 2' | BeF2,MgF2,CaF2,BaF2 | |
H2O,H2S,H2Se,H2Te | 3' | Rb2S,K2S,Na2S,Li2S | |
CF4,NF3,OF2,F2 | 4' | MnCl2,FeCl2,NiCl2,MgCl2 | |
NaF,NaCl,NaBr,NaI | 5' | OF2,TeF2,SeF2,SF2 | |
H2O,Li2O,Na2O,K2O | 6' | LiF,NaCl,KBr,RbI | |
BeO,MgO,CaO,SrO | 7' | BaI2,CaBr2,MgCl2,BeF2 | |
CO2,SiO2,GeO2,SnO2 | 8' | AlCl3,GaBr3,BF3,InI3 | |
BeO,B2O3,CO2,NO2 | 9' | CF4,GeBr4,SnI4,SiCl4 | |
BH3,CH4,NH3,OH2 | 10' | RbCl,SrCl2,InCl3,SnCl2 | |
NaCl,MgCl2,AlCl3,SiCl4 | 11' | SnCl4,SbCl3,TeCl2,ICl | |
N2O,NO,NO2,N2O4 | 12' | NaCl,CuCl,AgCl,AuCl | |
B2O3,Al2O3,Ga2O3,In2O3 | 13' | Ta2O5,Nb2O5,As2O5,P2O5 | |
Al2O3,SiO2,P2O5,SO2 | 14' | PbO2,SnO2,ZrO2,TiO2 | |
SiH4,PH3,H2S,HCl | 15' | SnI4,GeBr4,TiBr4,SiCl4 |