1.1. -, , n = 4. : n, l, ml,ms. .
n . , n , . , n, . 1, 2, 3, ∞.
l , . : 0, 1, 2, 3, (n 1).
: s, p, d, f
s - , - , d - f - .
, , . :
, n | , l | |
1 s | ||
0, 1 | 2 s, 2 p | |
0, 1, 2 | 3 s, 3 p, 3 d | |
0, 1, 2, 3 | 4 s, 4 p, 4 d, 4 f |
, (n = 1) , (n = 2) ..
, , .. : 1- , 2- , 3- , 4- .
n = 4, , , 4 s, 4 p, 4 d, 4 f, 0; 1; 2; 3.
ml () , . l l, 0, + l.
, , ml ln.
, s - , - , d - , f - .
, l = 2 ml : -2; 1; 0; +1; +2, .. (d -) .
ms , . : +1/2 1/2. ms . .
|
|
n = 4 . 1.1.
1.1
n | l | me | ms |
+1/2; -1/2 | |||
-1; 0; +1 | +1/2; -1/2 | ||
-2;-1;0;+1;+2 | +1/2; -1/2 | ||
-3;-2;-1;0;+1;+2;+3 | +1/2; -1/2 |
1.2. - . . .
W , . . :
1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 64 s 23 d 104 p 65 s 24 d 105 p 66 s 24 f 145 d 4 .
:
6 s
5d
:
6 p
6 s
5d
() , 1,6710-27 .
(n) , 1,6710-27 .
(z) , . .
(z) (n), , (), = z + n. .
, 74 110 .
1.3. 80Hg 56. , , , , . , : , , , , .
:
56 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 64 s 23 d 104 p 65 s 24 d 105 p 66 s 2
80Hg 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 64 s 23 d 104 p 65 s 24 d 105 p 66 s 24 f 145 d 10.
:
56 6 s 2, 80Hg 5 d 106s2.
II , , . s -, s --. (Hg) d -, , ds -.
, 2 , :
6 s,
6 p
6 s.
0 +1; +2.
12 :
:
6 s
;
5 d
:
6
6 s
5 d.
0; +1; +2.
, .
|
|
Hg | ||
r , | 0,221 | 0,160 |
I 1, / | 502,8 | 1007,1 |
0,9 | 1,9 |
, Hg. , Hg. , , Hg.
-. - . , , .
, , HNO3, H2SO4, HCl H2SO4. , 4. .
.
1.4. , , , , , : ) , ) ?
) 73 81l; ) 31Ga 81Tl.
. . 1/2 .
, , , , , .
, , , .
I, - : 0 + I = + + .
. , s 2 p 6.
, .
- .
F : 0 + = - F.
, , , .
() . . , - : = 1/2 (I + F). -, .
1.1. . : n, l, me,ms. .
1.2
n = 2 | 1 | l = 2 | |
n = 3 | 2 | n = 1 | |
n = 4 | 3 | n = 3 | |
n = 5 | 4 | n = 4 | |
n = 6 | 5 | n = 5 | |
n = 7 | 6 | n = 6 | |
l = 0 | 7 | n = 7 | |
l = 1 | 8 | l = 0 | |
l = 3 | 9 | l = 1 | |
m = 0 | 10 | l = 3 | |
m = 1 | 11 | m = 0 | |
m = 2 | 12 | m = 1 | |
m = 3 | 13 | m = 2 | |
n = 1 | 14 | m = 3 | |
l = 2 | 15 | n = 2 |
|
|
1.2. . . .
1.3
32Ge | 1 | 40Zr | |
51Sb | 2 | 53I | |
33As | 3 | 55Cs | |
31Ga | 4 | 43Tc | |
26Fe | 5 | 56Ba | |
34Se | 6 | 46Pd | |
42Mo | 7 | 30Zn | |
35Br | 8 | 47Ag | |
52Te | 9 | 48Cd | |
38Sr | 10 | 57La | |
44Ru | 11 | 58Ce | |
50Sn | 12 | 59Pr | |
49In | 13 | 60Nd | |
41Nb | 14 | 61Pm | |
45Rh | 15 | 62Sm |
1.3. 80Hg 56. , , , , . , : , , , , .
1.4
9F | 85At | 1 | 17Cl | 85At | |||
20Ca | 30Zn | 2 | 19K | 29Cu | |||
21Sc | 31Ga | 3 | 23V | 33As | |||
22Ti | 32Ge | 4 | 39Y | 49In | |||
57La | 81Tl | 5 | 44Ru | 52Te | |||
72Hf | 82Pb | 6 | 20Ca | 27Co | |||
73Ta | 83Bi | 7 | 20Ca | 28Ni | |||
. 1.4 | |||||||
41Nb | 51Sb | 8 | 74W | 84Po | |||
42Mo | 52Te | 9 | 76Os | 84Po | |||
40Zr | 50Sn | 10 | 77Ir | 85At | |||
24Cr | 34Se | 11 | 78Pt | 84Po | |||
25Mn | 35Br | 12 | 37Rb | 47Ag | |||
43Tc | 52Te | 13 | 55Cs | 79Au | |||
26Fe | 36Kr | 14 | 38Sr | 48Cd | |||
75Re | 85At | 15 | 41Nb | 50Sn | |||
1.4. , , , , , ) (. 1.5); ) (. 1.6).
1.5
87Fr - 108Hs | 1' | 88Ra - 109Mt | |
55Cs - 86Rn | 2' | 56Ba - 85At | |
37Rb - 54Xe | 3' | 38Sr - 52Te | |
19K - 36Kr | 4' | 20Ca - 35Br | |
11Na - 18Ar | 5' | 12Mg - 18Ar | |
3Li - 10Ne | 6' | 4Be - 9F | |
38Sr - 53I | 7' | 22Ti - 34S | |
21Sc - 35Br | 8' | 40Zr - 53I | |
12Mg - 17Cl | 9' | 72Hf - 85At | |
74W - 84Po | 10' | 26Fe - 35Br | |
46Pd - 53I | 11' | 44Ru - 53I | |
58Ce - 71Lu | 12' | 13Al - 17Cl | |
90Th - 103Lr | 13' | 76Os - 84Po | |
37Rb - 53I | 14' | 20Ca - 33As | |
25Mn - 36Kr | 15' | 37Rb - 52Te |
1.6
23V - 73Ta | 1' | 41Nb - 104Db | |
26Fe - 76Os | 2' | 39Y - 89Ac | |
29Cu - 79Au | 3' | 11Na - 55Cs | |
. 1.6 | |||
3Li - 87Fr | 4' | 17Cl - 85At | |
6C - 82Pb | 5' | 6C - 50Sn | |
8O - 84Po | 6' | 27Co - 77Ir | |
24Cr - 74W | 7' | 19K - 87Fr | |
9F - 85At | 8' | 12Mg - 56Ba | |
21Sc - 57La | 9' | 9F - 53I | |
28Ni - 78Pt | 10' | 40Zr - 72f | |
23V - 73Ta | 11' | 20Ca - 88Ra | |
4Be - 88Ra | 12' | 13Al - 81Tl | |
22Ti - 72Hf | 13' | 14Si - 50Sn | |
25Mn - 75Re | 14' | 3Li 37Rb | |
30Zn - 80Hg | 15' | 7N - 51Sb |