6.4. I, , m . , Bi, %, , . .
6.4
I, A | m, | Bi (Me), % | ||
AuCl3 | 0,3 | 0,92 | ||
FeCl2 | 0,9 | 0,77 | ||
SnBr2 | 2,1 | 0,84 | ||
CuSO4 | 0,79 | 0,62 | ||
AgNO3 | 1,94 | 0,31 | ||
. 6.4 | ||||
CdBr2 | 3,79 | 0,88 | ||
MnCl2 | 1,12 | 0,94 | ||
CoCl2 | 1,5 | 1,12 | ||
CrCl3 | 2,11 | 1,18 | ||
In(NO3)3 | 3,17 | 0,64 | ||
SbF3 | 0,99 | 0,77 | ||
CdCl2 | 1,77 | 0,84 | ||
NiSO4 | 1,1 | 0,12 | ||
Co(NO3)2 | 0,9 | 0,2 | ||
ReCl3 | 1,94 | 0,91 | ||
1 | PdSO4 | 2,03 | 1,17 | |
2 | CdI2 | 3,11 | 1,42 | |
3 | SbCl3 | 4,0 | 1,50 | |
4 | CoSO4 | 4,4 | 1,39 | |
5 | CrBr3 | 3,5 | 1,44 | |
6 | InCl3 | 4,4 | 1,61 | |
7 | MnSO4 | 2,1 | 0,92 | |
8 | SnCl4 | 1,1 | 0,89 | |
9 | CdSO4 | 1,8 | 0,97 | |
10 | CrCl2 | 1,9 | 0,95 | |
11 | InBr3 | 3,1 | 0,85 | |
12 | PdCl2 | 4,2 | 1,32 | |
13 | Ni(NO3)2 | 1,7 | 1,43 | |
14 | Cr(NO3)3 | 1,5 | 1,11 | |
15 | CuCl2 | 1,9 | 1,18 |
6.5. , , . , . ?
6.5
Zn2+,Ag+,Pb2+,Cr3+,H+ | 1 | Nd3+,Sn4+,Cr2+,Ni2+,H+ | |
Mn2+,Co2+,Fe2+,Cd2+,H+ | 2 | In3+,Fe3+,Zn2+,Pb2+,H+ | |
H+,Cu2+,Sn2+,Au3+,Sb3+ | 3 | Cr3+,Mo2+,Fe2+,Cd2+,Sn2+ | |
Re3+,Pd2+,Sn4+,H+,Cu2+ | 4 | Au3+,Re3+,Sn4+,H+,Cd2+ | |
. 6.5 | |||
H+,Cr2+,Ni2+,In3+,Fe3+ | 5 | Zn2+,Ag+,Cr3+,Fe3+,H+ | |
H+,Zn2+,Pb2+,Mn2+,Fe2+ | 6 | Au3+,Sb3+,Sn4+,H+,Fe3+ | |
Cu2+,H+,Au3+,Re3+,Pb2+ | 7 | Fe3+,In3+,Ni2+,Cr2+,H+ | |
Sn4+,Ni2+,Fe3+,H+,Cr2+ | 8 | Sn4+,Re3+,Sb3+,H+,Ni2+ | |
Zn2+,Cr3+,Fe2+,Sn2+,H+ | 9 | Au3+,Cu2+,Cd2+,Fe2+,H+ | |
Re3+,Sn4+,In3+,Fe3+,H+ | 10 | Mn2+,Cr3+,Pb2+,H+,Zn2+ | |
Zn2+,Mn2+,Cu2+,Re3+,H+ | 11 | Ag+,Cd2+,Pd2+,Fe3+,H+ | |
Cr2+,Fe3+,H+,Zn2+,Ag+ | 12 | Zn2+,Co2+,Au3+,Sn4+,H+ | |
Pb2+,Cr3+,Mn2+,Co2+,H+ | 13 | Ag+,Co2+,Sn2+,Pd2+,H+ | |
Fe2+,Cd2+,Cu2+,Sn2+,H+ | 14 | Pb2+,Fe2+,Au3+,Nd3+,H+ | |
Au3+,Sb3+,Re3+,Pd2+,H+ | 15 | H+,Zn2+,Mn2+,Cu2+,Re3+ |
6.6. -- , , .
1) Au + H2SO4 + HCl Au2Cl6 + H2SO3 + H2O;
|
|
2) KlO3 () KCl () + O2 ();
3) l2 + KOH KCl + KClO3 + H2O.
6.7. , , , -, .
C | u+ | Cu0 | AgCl | Ag,Cl- | Pt | CuCl2, CuCl | |
Hg2Cl2 | Hg, Cl- | Hg2O | Hg, OH- | |||
6.8. Ni2+
Ni | NiSO4, H2O || ZnSO4 | Zn,
/; = 0,5425 . - - .
6.9. ,
Sn | Sn(ClO4)2, H2O || Pb(ClO4)2, H2O | Pb,
: . - .
6.10. () Pb | H2SO4 | PbO2, - , . /, 1 /.
6.11. - Zn | NaOH | CuO :
1) Zn + 2Cu(OH)2 = ZnO + Cu2O + 2H2O;
2) Zn + Cu2O = ZnO + 2Cu;
3) Zn + CuO = ZnO + Cu;
4) Zn + Cu(OH)2 = ZnO + Cu + H2O;
5) Zn + 2CuO = ZnO + Cu2O.
, 0,89 , , .
6.12. - 57,1 % KIO3 :
5Zn + 2KIO3 + 6H2SO4 = 5ZnSO4 + I2 + K2SO4 + 6H2O.
C . , 4 - 2 , 100 %.
6.13. - Zn | KOH | O2 (). 1 , 1, 21 %, 0,21 3. , 15 % ( ).
6.14. ,
1) 2NiOOH + 2H2O + Cd = 2Ni(OH)2 + Cd(OH)2;
2) 2NiOOH + 2H2O + Fe = 2Ni(OH)2 + Fe(OH)2;
3) 2NiOOH + Zn + H2O = 2Ni(OH)2 + ZnO.
6.15. ,
1) SO2Cl2 + Li LiCl + SO2 + S;
2) MnO2 + Mg + H2O MnOOH + Mg(OH)2;
3) Mg + C6H4(NO2)2 + H2O Mg(OH)2 + C6H4(NHOH)2.
6.16. , , :
1) - Zn | ZnSO4 || CuSO4 | Cu;
2) - ( ) Zn | NH4Cl || CuSO4 | Cu;
3) Zn | H2O | (Ag, Cu);
4) Zn | K2Cr2O7, H2SO4 | ();
5) Zn | H2SO4 | HNO3 | ().
6.17. ,
1) CH3OH (Pt) | H2SO4 | O2 (Pt);
2) N2H4 (Ni) | KOH | O2 (C, Ag);
3) H2 (Pt) | H2SO4 | O2 (Pt);
4) CH3OH (Pt) | KOH | O2 (C, Ag);
5) H2 (Ni) | KOH | O2 (C, Ag).
6.18. , ,
|
|
CuCl2 CuCl + ½ Cl2.
(1) > 500 , (2) - () . (2) . , - (1)?
6.19.
Zn + Cu2O = ZnO + 2Cu.
1 0,45 . . - 65 %.
6.20. Ag2O () ZnO () , . , - , , .
6.21.
3 + 2Al2O3 = 3CO2 + 4Al.
2 60 %. (IV) 70 ( ). .
6.22. FeSO4, CuSO4. 10,5 . , : 70 %, 95 %.
6.23. CuSO4 . , 500 2 ( - ), 2 , : 100 %, 90 %.
6.24.
) CrO3 Cr + 1,5 O2;
) Cr6+ + 3 Cr3+;
) Cr3+ Cr6+ + 3 ;
) 2 2 + ½ O2.
, , 5 , - 2 , 13 %.
6.25. 40 34 ZnSO4 1,2 ( ). .
6.26.
) : Cu + 3Cl CuCl + ;
) : Cu + CuCl2 + 4KCl 2K2CuCl3.
5 , 2 , 90 % 27,24 . - .
6.27.
Cu + 2OH= CuO + H2O + 2 ;
4OH= O2 + 2H2O + 4 .
0,9 ( ), 6 %. , .
6.28. CuSO4
Q = 1 A , A; (t+ 3) , (t, ).
, 2 , 90 %.
6.29. NaCl
+ 4 2 + 22 + 4 .
, 36 2 ( ), 2 1,5 %. - ?
6.30. MgCl2 120 ( - ) 12,5105 . .
6.31. ,
|
|
NaCl + 3H2O = NaClO3 + 3H2.
, NaClO3 15 , 10 ( ). - ? NaClO3 70 %.
6.32.
K2MnO4 + H2O KMnO4 + KOH + ½ H2.
3 5 - ( ). KMnO4 . KMnO4 70 %.
6.33. 15 -. , 2 , 18 , 0,9891105 , 100 %.
6.34.
Na2B4O7 + 2NaOH + 19H2O = 4(NaBO34H2O) + 4H2.
, 20 , - 8,1 , 15 %.
6.35. NaCl , 17,5 , 1,5 , 100 %.
6.36.
PbO2 + SO + 4H+ + 2 = PbSO4 + 2H2O.
, 50 20 c?
6.37. 50 1 10 , 60 %. .
6.38. AgNO3 1 , I = 1,5 A, Bi (Ag) = 0,8.
, Ag+ 15 ? .
6.39. , , 1 4 0,42 85 %.
6.40. NaOH
+ 2 → 2 + 22 + 4 .
2 ( ) I = 10 , t = 2 , 1,5 %.
7.1. () , , , - - .
73 ().
:
6 s
5 d; : 0, 1+, 2+, 3+;
6
6 s
5 d; : 0, 1+, 2+, 3+, 4+, 5+.
: ; 23; 25
.
: ()2; ()3.
- :
+ 4 1 ;
2+ 3 2 ;
3+ 2 3 ;
4+ 1 4 ;
, ;
|
|
5+ , .
7.2. (-). - . Δ G 0 .
n
Cu + HNO3 () = Cu(NO3)2 + H2O + NO2↑
. .
Cu0 2 Cu2+ (NO3) + 2H+ + 1 NO2 + H2O | |
Cu + 2(NO3) + 4H+ = Cu2+ + 2NO2 + 2H2O |
2NO 2NO
Cu + 4HNO3 = Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2↑ + 2H2O.
φ = + 0,34 ; φ = +0,77 ; 0 = φ φ ;