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Ethernet - 㳺 .
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(Wide-area networks - WANs)
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2. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) - . , .
3. Frame Relay , ( ).
4. US (T) and Europe (E) Carrier Series T1, E1, T3, E3 .
5. Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) , , , .
2.4. ³ (Virtual private network - VPN)
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, Internet ' . Internet ' , Internet , . Internet Extranet 㳿 , , . ³ (Virtual Private Network) - , , , , , "" VPN .
http://aplawrence.com/Basics/vpn.html
http://www.bruy.info/vpn.html
http://www.hardline.ru/selfteachers/Info/OS/!WinXP/Glava16/Index12.htm
2.4.1.
. VPN (Virtual Private Network). 㳿 VPN , 㳿 . IP (Internet), Frame Relay, -.
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Access VPNs (small office/home office - SOHO) Intranet Extranet :
1. ( ) dialup.
2. ISDN.
3. Digital subscriber line (DSL).
4. Mobile IP.
5. 㳿.
Intranet VPNs ' IP Internet.. IP- , GRE, L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol) IPSec (IP Security). ֳ '. .
Extranet VPNs ' . Extranet VPNs Intranet VPNs .
http://www.clavister.com/manuals/ver8x/manual/vpn/vpn_overview.htm
Intranets Extranets
ϳ Intranet 쳺 LAN. Web Intranet Web Internet , Intranet . Intranet , LAN . Web Intranet Internet.
Extranet Intranet . , . Extranet Intranet .
http://www.intrack.com/intranet/faqbasic.cfm
3.
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[6]:
(on-line);
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(off-line).
㳿 볺 . , , (볺) , ( 볺), ' ( ), . ', , . ', i , (host).
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, (off-line), ' i '. , i . , , -mail - . ' , , , .
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2. (UseNet).
3. ' (FTP).
4. ³ ' (TelNet, SSH).
5. HTML (WWW).
6. - IP- (Skype), IRC- (ICQ).
7. (-, - ).
8. -, (Forex).
(-mail) - ' [7].
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Post Office Protocol (POP3) , Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). ' SMTP POP3. Outlook Express Windows. , , . : , , , . .. ASCII , ASCII-. ASCII- . / ̲ ( - Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension). , ̲, - , ̲. E-mail.
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_@ → [email protected]
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UseNet . : . . , Windows ' comp.os.ms-windows. m - , , ' '; os - , , ms-windows - , Windows Microsoft.
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- news - UseNet, , UseNet;
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FTP (File Transfer Protocol - ) i . FTP - ', TCP/IP. FTP, 볺/ : -, - -i, ' i . , FTP (RFC 959, RFC 2228 [8]). TCP , FTP - . ϳ FTP . , Windows FTP- Internet Explorer URL ftp://'_@.
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, (login user name) i (password). , , i , .
FTP , 80- . , anonymous i , . anonymous , , , FTP-. , , ', .
FTP- , , i , (patches), , , i . , , anonymous FTP. i , , i , i , i, , - , , , .
FTP , , , ftp. , UNIX (, ncftp2), i MS Windows (, Norton Navigator), FTP i .
, IP-' i , ftp, ( FTP-), anonymous i E-mail-, .
Telnet - , ' i . Telnet, . ³ ' 1969 ARPANET. - telecommunications network protocol. Telnet RFC 854. ' , , . , , - SSH. SSH .
SSH (Secure Shell) - , ' . Telnet Rlogin, , . SSH , . 볺 , , .
WWW (World Wide Web - ) - . (FTP, i ..). 㳿, HTML.
IRC (Internet Relay Chat) - , . IRC , , . IRC i-. , ', ( IRC), , Client, i . i , , , . IRC i ' ( UNIX-Workstation), IRC. IRC TCP/IP.
- . . . г . (e-coomerce) - . - .
(E-commerce) - , , ' , -, ' .
(Electronis Data Interchange, EDI), (Electronic Funds Transfer, EFS), (E-Trade), (E-Cash), (E-Marketing), (E-Banking), (E-Insurance), .
, : B2B (Busines-to-Busines) B2C (Busines-to-Consumer). : B2A (Busines-to Administrarion) C2A (Consumer-to-Administration). 㳿 , .
30 , , ' . 1995 .
4.
(). mainframe - (- ) , . . . , :
1. .
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3. .
80- . , . , . .
LAN. ֳ . , LAN.
. г metropolitan-area networks (MANs) wide-area networks (WANs). WANs 璺 , (. 1).
. 1.
³ PC | ||
10 | ʳ | LAN () |
100 | LAN ( ) | |
1 000 = 1 | LAN ( ) | |
100 000 = 100 | WAN (WAN UKRTELECOM) | |
1 000 000 = 1 000 | WAN () | |
10 000 000 = 10 000 | WAN (Internet) | |
100 000 000 = 100 000 | ̳ ( ̳) | WAN ( ) |