. . , . .
2-
, 2015
- ʰ
311
60.6
20
:
. . , ;
. . .
:
. . , ;
. . , .
. .
: / . . -
, . . . 2- . .: -
ʰ, 2015. 312 .
ISBN 978-5-394-01872-5
-
-
,
-
.
. -
,
.
- -
, -.
20
ISBN 978-5-394-01872-5
. ., . ., 2008
ʰ, 2008
....................................................................................................................................7
1. ,
.........................................................................................10
...........................................................15
2.
................................................16
2.1. ...................................................16
2.2. ..................................................................17
2.3. ......................................................................................18
2.4. ...........................................................................20
2.5. ........................................................................25
2.6. ..........................................................................29
2.7. ...............................43
2.8. .......................................................46
2.9 ..............................................60
...........................................................64
3. ...............................65
3.1. .............................65
|
|
3.2. -
.......................................................65
3.3. ,
......................................................................................................67
...........................................................69
4.
..........................70
4.1. ...........................................................................................70
4.2. ......................................................70
4.3. .................................73
...........................................................74
5.
...............................................................................................75
5.1. .............................75
5.2. ......................76
...........................................................78
6.
................................................................................................80
6.1. .................................................................................80
6.2. .........................................................................88
........................................................113
7.
.......................114
7.1. .................114
7.2.
.................................................................................115
7.3. .......................................................................................120
........................................................121
8. .........................................................................122
8.1. , ..........122
8.2. ..................................127
8.3.
....................................................134
8.4. ......................................................147
8.5.
................................................................................151
:.......................................................152
9. .................................................................................................155
9.1. , ,
............................................................155
9.2. ......................................159
9.3. .............................170
9.4.
........................................................174
|
|
........................................................176
10.
..............................................................................178
10.1. , .............178
10.2.
................................................................183
10.3.
.............................202
10.3.1.
...................................................................202
10.3.2.
................................................................204
10.3.3.
....................................................................206
10.3.4. .....................................207
10.4. ......................................................210
10.4.1. .
. .......211
10.4.2.
.
. . ................................213
10.5.
................................................................217
10.6.
..............................................................235
10.7. ....................244
........................................................269
.........................................................................................................................270
:
1.
...............................................................................272
2.
...........................................................................................282
3.
...........................................................................................292
4. F- ..........................................................303
5.
( )...................................................................308
6. χ2 ()...........................................309
7. -..............................310
8. P (λ k)
( )................................................................310
9.
.............................................311
10. t - ...........................................311
-
.
, , -
,
-
.
-
-
(-
1).
.
: ,
|
|
, -
, ,
,
.
, -
.
-
, ,
.
,
.
- -
, .
,
.
, -
,
. -
,
- -
.
-
.
,
.
, -
. -
-
.
,
( , -
, ).
-
, .
, -
,
, .
.
,
-
. -
-
.
-
.
. 2
3,
.
.
, ,
,
.
.
1
,
, ,
, -
|
|
.
-
status,
.
. , 1746 .
,
.
-
.
.
, -
. . . -
, -
,
. -
,
. .
XIX .
.
. ,
. , . , . ,
, . .
, -
.
-
. -
. . , . . , . . -
, . . .
30- . XIX .
1846 .
. . -
.
. . , ,
. . -. 1864 .
.
. -
. -
,
,
.
(. . ),
(. . , . . ).
. . , . . , . .
.
- , -
.
:
− -
: , ,
, -
, . ., . . -
, ,
, ;
− , ,
-
.
-
();
− , ,
, , -
.
.
-
,
-
.
, -
, . -
, ,
. , ,
(,
, , , ), -
, -
.
,
: -
|
|
.
.
:
, , -
.
. -
, -
,
.
.
: (),
(),
() ., -
; , , ; -
, -
, ;
-
().
-
, , , -
, , . . -
.
, -
.
, -
, , , , , . .
,
, :
1) ;
2) , -
, ;
3) .
.
-
, -
,
, , .
(1917−1991 .) ( 1992 .).
-
,
. 1917 . -
-
().
.
.
. -
1918 . .
,
. . , -
.
1918 .
() -
(). -
-
.
-
.
1926−1927 . -
.
.
1930 . -
, ,
. 1931 . -
-
() -
. 1948 .
-
.
1950−1980 . -
.
.
1941 1947 . 142 .
1991 . ,
(
). (-
)
.
-
50000 .
1,7%, -
94%, -
3,4%, -
0,9%.
, -
.
-
, , , , -
, - --
,
,
. -
1932 . -
, (
1996 . ). -
, -
,
.
, .
2004 . -
.
1. .
2. ?
3. ?
4. -
?
5. , ?
2