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I.

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3.

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I.

, . , - .

{currency circulation) - .

(macroeconomics money cycle model) - , - , .

(microeconomics cycle model) - , , .

(currency circulation objective base) - , .

(product stream) - - ( ), .

(effective demand flow) - .

(currency issue fundamental rule) - .

, (needs for money circulation) - , .

(commodity and receipt flow) - , , .


3.

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1 , , , ?

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5
.
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7. . , , 50 000 , . .

 


II.

4.

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;

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4.1.

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4.

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, , .. . , . , , , . , - , , , . . 4.1.

, - . .


II.

, - .


       
   





. 4.1.

(capital market) ~- , - , .. . . , . , .

, . 35% ; - , . - , .. . :

1) ( , - );

2) -.

. - . ; 1/3 . , , , , , . , . , .

(money inarket) , .


4.

. (T-bills).

, . 3, 1961 . 100 000 . . . . , , .

, , . . . , ( ).

, , .

REPO, . 3, . , , . REPO . ( ) ( ) . .

(federal funds market), , () . , . . 6.

: , . -. / . . .: -, 2000. XXIV. . 106-107.

, . , , . ,


II

, () . .

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:

- ;

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. , , 12%, 100 000 97 000. 291 (3% 3 .) 97 000.

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7


4.

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. , . , 100 000, 12% 1 112 000. , .. . () .

. , .

- , ( ) - .

:

: ; , ; . . , .

. (equity instruments), (stock). (common stock) (preferredstock). , , . , , .

. - (debt instruments). , , , ; . ; .


II.

1. . (commercial paper) (.. ) , . , , ( , 9 ) , , . - , .

2. (corporate bonds) - , . , , .

3. (convertible bonds) , , .

 

4. (junk bonds) - , . , , . ( ) 1980- .; 1988 . 75% . 1990- . , .

5. (United States government securities). :

) (Treasury bills) -
, 15 .
3- 6- . 10 000 .
; . , 3-
10 000 . 9 700 .
300 .; ,
9 700 . 10 000 .

) (Treasury notes) ,
, , 6 .
1000 . 1 10 .

) (Treasury bonds)
10 . ,
. 4 %,
1982 .
- 110 ., ..
110 ., 4 '% .
, , , 4 '
; , , ,
.


4.

6. (slate and local government securities).
(.. ),
(municipal bonds, or munies).
: , ,
.

: (general-obligation bonds) (revenue bonds). . , (, ).

, , (asset-backed securities). , (mortgage-backed securities), . , , ( . ), .

7. . ,
,
(hedging instrument).
(options)
(futures contracts).
- ,
/
.
- ,

- . ,

, .
.
, .

: , . -. /. . .: -, 2000. XXIV. . 98-100.





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