: , , .
: -05/06, -102, 1-71.
-05/06 . , , . : PQ ; S1 S 2 ( 5.1).
5.1
1 U1 = 4 , f = 10100 .
2 1, 2 (PQ), 3, 4 (λ).
3 S1 PQ, S2 . L1 R1 = 10 1, 2, L2 3, 4.
4 ... ( 0 100 ). (5.7) M21 (5.14) K1.
5 S1 λ, S2 PQ. . 4 , 4 f = 10100 . (5.8) M12 (5.14) K2.
6 M21 M12 ( ).
7 L1 L2 .
8 (, 104 ).
9 U L1, ... U 0 ÷ 5 0,5 . (5.7) M21.
10 L1 L2 .
11 (, 2).
12 5 20 ( 10 ), ... . (5.7) M21.
13 ( 46, 9, 12).
6
1
2
3
, , . ( 6.1).
|
|
E |
E0 |
Ei |
F |
Ek |
A0 |
6.1 |
, E1, . , E
, (6.1)
k , T , F , . F . T = 0 (6.1), < F E > F. (6.1) T= 0 6.2 1.
, , , . , , . , T = 0 , . . .
E |
F |
f |
6.2 T = 0 T ¹ 0 |
, .
, , . (6.1) . (6.2) 2. , E F >> , (6.1)
, (6.2)
. . .
(6.2) , , . , , E0. (6.2)
(6.3)
(6.3), . . , , A0 = E0 F. , . . (6.3).
|
|
, , , , , .
, (6.4)
, n , e . , X , . Y Z , (6.4) .
, (6.5)
( ).
, (6.6)
, . (6.5), (6.6) (6.4)
, (6.7)
. (6.7)
, (6.8)
x. ,
,
(6.8)
. (6.9)
(6.9)
. (6.10)
, . (6.10) . , . . , , , . (6.9) (6.10),
, (6.11)
, d . (6.11) , .
(6.11) S. ,
, (6.12)
, R l , R/r (, R/r = 10 γ = 0,98). R/r (6.12) (6.11) S = 2πRl d = R, γ = 1.
, , ( 6.3). , .
. (6.13)
U3/2 |
I |
δ |
6.3
, . 6.4 , j U (1 < 2 < 3).
6.4
|
, . ( 1 6.5).
, . , , , ( 6.6, E0 , , E′ ). ( 6.5).
d |
x |
U1 |
U21 |
φ |
6.5
K |
A |
- |
+ |
6.6
, . (6.10), , , , . , ( 2 6.4). , , , , ( 6.4).
. . , . (6.2) :
,
, , , = 0 + k E 0 k . , x - , dt , , dt. dS dt
dV dS dt.
. (6.14)
(6.14) ( X ). . (6.14) ,
|
|
. (6.15)
,
, (6.15) mkT. , (6.15),
, (6.16)
= = . (6.16) , . , . , , , (6.16), , . , S .
(6.16),
. (6.17)
(6.17), 1/T . , . ( 6.7):
. (6.18)
ψ |
1/T |
ln(j/T2) |
6.7
0 -.
1 .
2 .
3 ?
4 .
5 ?
6 ?
7 ?
6