- , , , , . : .
, () . ,
2H2S2 + 3O20 = 2S+4O22 + 2H2O | (1) |
S2 6 = S+4.
, () ;
O20 + 2 = 2O2.
, , . (, ), () . (, ), () . , (1)
H2S , 2 .
- , , , .
, , , . , , , , . , , - . , , , .
- . .
- , , .
.
1. :
KMnO4 + HCl → KCl + MnCl2 + Cl2 + H2O.
2. :
K+1Mn+7O42+ H+1Cl1→ K+1Cl1+ Mn+2Cl21+ Cl20+ H2+1O2.
3. , :
K+1 Mn+7 O42+ H+1 Cl1 → K+1Cl1+ Mn+2 Cl21+ Cl20 + H2+1O2.
4. , :
Mn+7+ 5 → Mn+2,
2Cl1 2 → Cl20.
5. , , , :
Mn+7+ 5 → Mn+2 | 2 | , Mn+7 |
2Cl1 2 → Cl20 | 5 | , Cl1 |
2Mn+7+ 10Cl1→ 2Mn+2+ 5Cl20.
|
|
6. : , , , :
2KMnO4 + 16HCl = 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 5Cl2 + 8H2O.
-- ().
1. Ж, ; .
S0+ O20= S+4O22,
O20+ 2 = 2O2 , O20 , |
S0 4 = S+4 , S0 . |
Cu+2O + C+2O = Cu0+ C+4O2,
Cu+2+ 2 = Cu0 , Cu+2 , |
C+2 2 = +4 , C+2 . |
Mn+4O2 + 2KI1+ 2H2SO4 = I20+ K2SO4 + Mn+2SO4 + 2H2O,
Mn+4+ 2 = Mn+2 , Mn+4 , |
2I1 2 = I20 , I1 . |
2. , . , , , .
2KCl+5O32= 2KCl1+ 3O20,
Cl+5+ 6 = Cl1 , Cl+5 , |
22 4 = 20 , 2 . |
N3H4N+5O3 = N2+1O + 2H2O,
N+5+ 6 = N+1 , N+5 , |
N3 4 = N+1 , N3 . |
2Pb(N+5O32)2 = 2PbO + 4N+4O2 + O20,
N+5+ 1 = N+4 , N+5 , |
2O2 4 = O20 , O2 . |
3. () , .
Cl20+ 2KOH = KCl+1O + KCl1+ H2O,
Cl20+ 2 = 2Cl+1 , Cl20 , |
Cl20 2 = 2Cl1 , Cl20 . |
3HN+3O2 = HN+5O3 + 2N+2O + H2O,
N+3+ 1 = N+2 , N+3 , |
N+3 2 = N+5 , N+3 . |
4. () , .
2H2S2+ H2S+4O3 = 3S0+ 3H2O,
S+4+ 4 = S0 , S+4 , |
S2 2 = S0 , S2 . |
1. : F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, O2, +1.
2. , Fe+3, Cu+2, Hg+2.
3. : H2SO4, HNO3, HMnO4 : Na2SO4, KMnO4, K2CrO7.
4. : HClO, HClO3, HBrO3.
1. : , , Zn, Al, Fe.
2. : HCl, HBr, HJ, H2S.
3. : NaH, CaH2.
4. : Sn+2, Fe+2, Cu+.
, , , , (- ). , H2O2 1 2 (); 1 0 ().
|
|
5H2O21+ J20= 2HJ+5O3 + 4H2O2,
H2O2 ;
3H2O21+ 2KMnO4 = 2MnO2 + 2KOH + 3O20+ 2H2O,
H2O2 .
. : ( ); ().
, , , (, ) (, ).
, . :
M ⇄ M n + + n.
, .
, . , , . - . ( , ) , (. 5.3.1, ).
, , , , . ( , ) , (. 5.3.1, ).
, , . , .
. 298 K .
, , , 100 , , + . . ( ) , , , . + .
2+ + 2 ⇄ 2.
, (. 5.3.2).
, (. . 1 / 298 ), (, ). .
, :
, | (1) |
, ; , ; R (8,314 /()); T , ; n , ; F (96485 /); [M n +] , /.
|
|
(9.3.1) R, F = 298 ,
. | (2) |
, .
. , , . - ( ), , , , . , .
- (-) . - (-) , . , , . - , .
Ox + n Red,
Red n Ox,
Ox ; Red .
-
(3) |
- . - . - . .
, .
() :
1. , , , .
2. , , .
3. , , , . ,
Mg + 2H2O = Mg(OH)2 + H2, ;
Cu + H2O ≠, .
4. , , , , . ,
MgSO4 + Cu ≠,
Mg + CuSO4 = MgSO4 + Cu.
5. , , : ( Li Al); ( Ti ); ( ).
,
Zn + CuSO4 = Zn SO4+ Cu.
(Q). . .
|
|
, - .
, , -- .
, , , ( ).
(. 955.1), , , , . , , .
, . () ().
, . .
Zn 2 e = Zn2+.
: , , ; , .
Cu2++ 2 e = Cu0.
, ,
Cu2+ + 2 e + Zn0 2 e = Zn2+ + Cu0.
. , ( ) , , , , . , (Zn2+ Cu2+) , SO42 . .
(). ( ):
= > 0, | (5) |
; . .
, (); . , (); .
, , - , .
[Zn2+] = [Cu2+] = 1 /
= .
() Zn | Zn2+|| Cu2+| Cu (+)
() Zn | ZnSO4|| CuSO4 | Cu (+).
, . . . .
, , . ,
() Ag | AgNO3 (0,001 M) || AgNO3 (0,1M) | Ag (+).
, .
, . ,
|
|
() Pt | Fe+2, Fe+3 || MnO4, Mn+2 , H+ |Pt (+)
. (II):
Fe+2 = Fe+3 + e ,
(VII):
MnO4+ 8H++ 5 e = Mn+2+ 4H2O.
, :
5Fe+2+ MnO4+ 8H+= 5Fe+3+ Mn+2+ 4H2O.
9.3.3. , , .
- , . , ( ) (), (). , , . : ( ) ; ( ) . , , .
, , (, , .). , .
. 5.6.1. CuCl2: 1 CuCl2; 2 ; 3 ; 4 |
. (. 5.6.1). . : , .
, , :
Cu+2 + 2 e → Cu0.
, , Cl2. :
2Cl 2 e → .
- , CuCl2:
Cu+2 + 2Cl → Cu0 + .
. , , , .
. , (). ( ) (. 1):
1
,
Li, Rb, K, Cs, Ba, Sr, Ca, Na, Mg, Be, Al | |
2H2O + 2 e → H2 + 2OH | |
Ti, Mn, Cr, Zn, Fe, Cd, Co, Ni, Sn, Pb,(H) | |
2H2O + 2 e → H2 + 2OH; M n ++ ne → M0 | |
Sb, Bi, Cu, Hg, Ag, Pd, Pt, Au | |
M n + + ne → M0 |
1) , . ;
2) , , ;
3) , .
. , . .
, . , , . (. 2):
2
,
S2, I, Br, Cl | |
X n ne → X0 | |
2H2O 4 e → O2 + 4H+ |
, . -, ;
, . .
, () . , . . . Cu, Ag, Zn, Cd, Ni, Fe . . (AgNO3) (Ag):
: | (Ag): |
(): Ag1+ +1 e → Ag0 (+): 2H2O 4 e → O2 + 4H + | (): Ag1+ +1 e → Ag0 (+): Ag0 1 e → Ag1+ |
, , .
1- . , , .
(6) |
m , ; M ; F , 96500 ; Q .
Q=I×t, I , t ,, 9.6.1
. | (7) |
, , , . , , , , (, %).
%, | (8) |
m , , m , .
, , , 6 , 4,8 , 80 %.
2- . :
(9) |
m 1, M 1 , , m 2, M 2 .