(, , ) , . .
- , ( ), ( ) ( ), .
, . , :
Pb(NO3)2 + 2HI = PbI2↓ + 2HNO3;
:
Pb2++ 2NO3+ 2H++ 2I = PbI2↓ + 2H++ 2NO3;
:
Pb2++ 2I = PbI2↓.
, :
2 ⇄ ++ .
, ():
× [ 2] = [+] × [ ].
× [2] , :
= [+]×[]
. 25 = 11014,
[+]×[] = 11014 | (14) |
, - . 25
[H+] = [] = 1107/
, - . [+] > [ ], . [+] < [], .
: [H+] - , :
= lg [+], = lg []. | (15) |
,
+ = 14. | (16) |
:
> 7 ;
< 7 ;
≈ 7 .
, . (). , , . (γ):
= ∙ γ | (17) |
, . , = lg aH+.
, . , γ . (I).
|
|
-:
, |
, 298 = 0,509. :
, | (19) |
. ( ).
. :
1. , () (), . ≈ 7.
K2SO4 + H2O ≠
2. , () , ( >7).
KCN + H2O ⇄ KOH + HCN,
: K++ CN + H2O ⇄ K++ OH+ HCN,
CN+ H2O ⇄ OH+ HCN.
3. , , ( < 7).
NH4Cl + H2O ⇄ NH4OH + HCl,
NH4++ Cl+ H2O ⇄ NH4OH + H++ Cl,
NH4++ H2O ⇄ NH4OH +H+.
4. , , ( ≈7).
NH4CN + H2O → NH4 + HCN.
, . , :
1- : Na3PO4 + H2O ⇄ Na2HPO4 + NaOH;
:
3Na++PO43+ H2O ⇄ 2Na++ HPO42+ Na++ OH;
2- Na2HPO4 + H2O ⇄ NaH2PO4+ NaOH;
2Na++PO42+H2O ⇄ Na++ H2PO4+ Na++OH;
3- NaH2PO4+ H2O ⇄ H3PO4+ NaOH;
Na+ +2PO42- + H2O ⇄ H3PO4 + Na+ + OH;
:
1- CuCl2 + H2O ⇄ CuOHCl + HCl;
Cu2++ 2Cl+ H2O ⇄ CuOH++ Cl+ H++ Cl;
2- : CuOHCl + H2O ⇄ Cu(OH)2 + HCl;
CuOH+ + Cl+ H2O ⇄ Cu(OH)2 + H+ + Cl.
, , 1 , , .
b . . . . :
|
|
(20) |
:
, () ; | (21) |
, ; | (22) |
, . | (23) |
(8.2.12 8.2.14) , .