. ( ):
1. an (could, will be able to) , ( , , , )
I cant understand you. .
Could you show me the way to the station? ?
He will be able to come on Sunday. .
2. Must (had to, will have to) (, , , ; )
I must do it. .
I did nt have to do it. .
Ill have to do it. ( ) .
3. To have to (had to, will have to) , - .
He has to get up early. .
I didnt want to go there but I had to. , .
4. To be to (was/were to) , .
We are to meet on Friday. ( ) .
We were to meet yesterday. .
5. May (might, be allowed to) , , , .
You may take my umbrella. .
He was allowed to stay here. .
6. Should, ought (to) , ; , ( ).
You shouldnt go to bed so late. .
You ought to be more attentive. .
Why should I? ( )?
7. Need ( ), - ( ).
You neednt go there. ( ) .
He needs a long rest. .
(Infinitive)
, .
| Active | Passive | ||
| Indefinite | To ask | To be asked | B |
| Continuous | To be asking | To be being asked | |
| Perfect | To have asked | To have been asked | B |
| Perfect Continuous | To have been asking |
:
1) :
He was to get to the town before dawn. ;
2) :
To read books in bad light is harmful. ;
3) :
wanted to read this book. ;
4) :
He was the first to come. ;
5) , :
We must work hard to master English. , .
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(Gerund)
, . . , , (reading, waiting) .. ( , ), . , , , , , . : , , .
| Active | Passive | |
| Simple | doing | being done |
| Perfect | having done | having being done |
1. .
Travelling makes our life more interesting. .
2. to like, to need, to prefer, to remember, to enjoy.
I enjoy listening to music. .
3. : to thank for, to be responsible for, to be fond of, to be tired of.
He is fond of fishing. .
4. : the idea (of), importance (of), way (of), experience (in), interest (in).
I saw no other way of doing it. .
5. . : after, before, instead of, besides.
Call me before leaving. .
, , : to begin, to start, to continue, to go on, to stop, to finish.
He finished translating the text. .
, : to like, to begin, to start, to continue, to hate, to prefer, to forget, to remember. to stop, to intend, it is (of) no use, it is useless, it is (no) good.
It began raining (or: it began to rain) early in the morning. .
It is no use talking (or: it is no use to talk) about it. .
to stop . :
He stopped reading an advertisement. .
He stopped to read an advertisement. , .
to finish, to enjoy, to suggest, to avoid, to excuse, to forgive, to mind, to imagine, to give up, to go on, to keep on, , : its worth, cant help, to feel like, to look like busy, .
This film is worth seeing. .
She is busy looking for a new job. .
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, , - , .
(Participle)
, . : Participle I ( ) Participle II ( , ).
| Active | Passive |
| Present | |
| writing asking | being written being asked |
| Past | |
| written asked | |
| Perfect | |
| having written having asked | having been written having been asked |
I :
) : The stars shining in the dark seemed blue;
) : (While) translating the article he consulted a dictionary;
) : He is sleeping.
II :
) : The frozen ground was hard as stone. . : The ground covered with dry leaves was hard as stone. , , , ;
) : A window of the hotel was lighted. .
(Complex Object)
Complex Object : to want, to expect, to see, to notice, to watch, to hear, to feel, to make. , .
He wants me to go home. , .
I expect you to write to me. (), .
I saw them go to the park. , .
I saw them going to the park. , .
(Complex Subject)
Complex Subject :
1) to see, to hear, to order, to cause, to allow, to expect, to know, to say, to report, to announce, to consider;
2) to seem, to appear, to probe, to turn out, to happen, to chance;
3) is (un)likely, is sure, is certain.
Complex Subject .
It is expected that she will come tomorrow. , .
She is expected to come tomorrow. , .
They were seen to go home together. , .
The water of the lake was found (to be) fresh. , .
He seems to know this man well. , -, .
The doctor happened to be at home. .
Their team is certain to win. , , .
He is sure to miss the train. , , .
