Grammar: : ;
| : | |
| breed | |
| cattle | |
| cereals | |
| demand | , |
| egg | |
| enclosure | |
| fertilizer | |
| fruit | |
| herd | |
| livestock | , |
| market | |
| meat | |
| milk | |
| pasture | , |
| peasant | |
| poultry | |
| rent | |
| supply | , |
| tenant | - |
| variety | , , |
| vegetable | |
| yield | |
| : | |
| account for | |
| achieve | , |
| aim at | |
| boost | , |
| compete for | , |
| depend on | |
| derive from | , |
| employ | |
| grow | , |
| increase | , |
| obtain | , |
| pay | |
| sell | |
| undergo | , |
| use | |
| : | |
| arable | |
| average | |
| consumer | |
| dairy | |
| pedigree | |
| rapid | |
| : | |
| to meet the requirements | |
| to be satisfied with | - |
Vocabulary Exercises
1. :
structure, social, productivity, industry, programme, method, leader, historical, tomato, total, prize, collection, computer, information, technique, conference, centre, popular.
2. :
1. In Britain medium-sized farms (from 10 to 50 hectares) account... some 40 % of the total agricultural output.
2. Landlords in Great Britain derive their incomes... rents.
3. Farming depends... many physical factors, such as relief, climate and soil.
4. Sometimes the landowners are not satisfied... the rents.
5. The farmers are constantly aiming... improving the quality of agricultural products.
3. II
) :
to shape, to appear, to turn, to produce, to employ, to involve, to aim, to develop, to allow, to cross, to boost, to cultivate, to increase
) :
to pay, to lead, to put, to become, to loose, to rise, to undergo, to sell, to grow, to feed, to give.
4. , :
) I:
the existing social structure of agriculture; following a long tradition; improving farming methods; selling throughout the year; new varieties giving higher crops, the Show attracting everybody's attention
) II:
research projects aimed at improving machinery; arable crops grown in Britain; million hectares of cultivated land; increased production; plants fed by water rich in nutrients; held annually.
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Text. Agriculture in Britain
The existing social structure of agriculture in Britain has been shaped by its historical development. By the end of the 15th century there appeared a peasantry paying rent to their landlords. But many lords and landowners were dissatisfied with the rents, and they tried to get rid of tenants who could not pay more. It led to enclosures the separation of land from common ground by putting walls or fences or hedges round it. Arable land was turned into pastures for sheep, as wool produced high profits. Wool became Britains most important export for several centuries after this. The direct result of the enclosures movement was the loss of land and jobs for many thousands of peasants that eventually led to the disappearance of peasantry in Britain in the 18th century. Britain became dependant for its food supply on imported agricultural produce.
But nowadays British agriculture is noted for its high level of efficiency and productivity. Employing less than 3% of the population, the agriculture produces nearly two-thirds of Britains food requirements. Britain today is self-sufficient in milk, eggs, potatoes, barley and oats. Also a large proportion of meat and vegetables is home-produced. Home-produced flour, cheese, bacon and ham meet half of the countrys needs.
Following a long tradition of innovation, Britain is currently involved in a comprehensive programme of research projects aimed at improving farming methods, machinery and the genetic quality of livestock and crops.
British livestock farmers have developed many of the cattle, sheep and pig breeds with world-wide reputations, such as Aberdeen Angus beef cattle, Romney sheep and Large White pigs. Expertise in this field has allowed Britain to become a world leader in the export of high quality genetic material from donor animals.
In the last 10 years the average milk yield per cow has risen by approximately 1000 litres and stands at more than 5000 litres per year.
About 80% of home-produced milk and 65 % of beef production derive from the national dairy herd, in which the Friesian breed is predominant. Friesian cows are often crossed with other breeds to obtain high quality meat. Beef exports have risen steadily in recent years and now account for 17 % of total production. The country has a long tradition of sheep production, with more than 40 breeds. Britains progressive pig industry is responding to consumer demands by producing leaner meat achieved by crossing such breeds as the native Large White and the Landrace. The market for poultry meat - predominantly chicken, turkey and duck - has undergone rapid expansion. Improvements in breeding and husbandry techniques have boosted output, and turkey production, once aimed mainly at the Christmas market, now totals over 25 mln birds selling throughout the year.
Arable crops grown in Britain include cereals (wheat, oats), potatoes, sugar beet and fodder crops (turnip, swede, kale). There are 12 mln hectares of cultivated land under crops (37%) and grass (40%). Britain is now the worlds sixth largest exporter of cereals. Increased production has been achieved by the introduction of short-stemmed varieties giving higher yields, an increased growing area and a major more into autumn-sown crops.
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Horticultural crops (fruit, vegetable and flowers) are largely grown on specialized holdings, but some are produced on arable farms. Also popular are English strawberries and Scottish raspberries.
Tomatoes form the most important glasshouse crop, and, together with lettuce and cucumbers, represent some 95% of the total value of glasshouse vegetable output. Glasshouse technology includes the use of automatically controlled heating, ventilation and watering. A recent innovation is hydroponics a soil-less system of cultivation in which plants are fed by water rich in nutrients.
As a member state of the European Economic Community (EES), or Common Market, Britain applies the Common Agricultural market within the EES with its own prices.
Text Exercises
1. , :
1) ;
2) ;
3) ;
4) ;
5) , .
2. , :
1. Home Food Supply.
2. Cattle Farming.
3. Short History.
4. Arable Farming.
5. The Governments Agricultural Policy.
6. Glasshouse Crops.
7. Horticulture.
3. :
)
| 1. Specialized holding | 1) |
| 2. Varieties of strawberries | 2) |
| 3. Poultry meat | 3) |
| 4. Food supply | 4) |
| 5. Glasshouse crops | 5) |
| 6. Arable land | 6) |
| 7. Beef export | 7) |
| 8. Native breed | 8) |
| 9. Folder crops | 9) |
| 10. High yields | 10) |
)
| 1. | 1) develop breeds |
| 2. | 2) respond to consumer demand |
| 3. | 3) produce high profit |
| 4. | 4) cultivate plants |
| 5. | 5) import fruit |
| 6. | 6) cross breeds |
| 7. | 7) meet needs |
| 8. | 8) use fertilizers |
| 9. | 9) increase milk yields |
| 10. | 10) sell turkey meat |
4. :
1. At present British agriculture is characterized by high level of
2. Today Britain is self-sufficient in
3. This country has become a world leader in the export of high quality genetic material from
4. The average milk yield per cow is more than
5. Friesian cows are often crossed with other breeds to obtain
6. Arable crops cultivated in Britain include
7. Horticultural crops are largely grown on specialized holdings and on
8. Glasshouse technology includes the use of
5. :
1. 40 % of the population of Britain is occupied in agriculture.
2. The aim of British agricultural research projects is to improve farming methods, machinery and the genetic quality of livestock and crops.
3. British livestock farmers have developed many breeds of cattle, sheep and pigs.
4. 20 breeds of sheep are bred in Britain now.
5. The Friesian breed is predominant in the national dairy herd.
6. Short-stemmed varieties of cereals are not cultivated in Britain.
7. Sugar beet is not grown in this country.
8. Britain is known to be one of the largest exporters of cereals in the world.
6. .
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1. The existing social structure of agriculture in Britain has been shaped by its historical development, hasnt it?
2. When did peasantry appear in Britain?
3. Why was arable land turned into pastures?
4. When did peasantry disappear in this country?
5. Britain became dependant on imported agricultural produce in the 18th century, didnt it?
6. Is British agriculture characterized by high level of efficiency and productivity now?
7. What agricultural products does Great Britain produce?
8. What are the aims of British agricultural research projects?
9. British livestock farmers have developed many breeds of farm animals with world-wide reputations, havent they?
10. What can you say about beef export in this country?
11. How many breeds of sheep are bred in Britain?
12. What fodder crops are cultivated in this country?
13. What kinds of poultry are kept in Britain?
14. What horticultural crops are grown on specialized holdings and arable farms?
15. What is hydroponics?
7. Agriculture in Britain.
8. . , , , , , . , .
Farm Animals
Ian: Those fields are ours and those are, too.
Sue: What animals do you keep?
Ian: Just about everything.
Mary: Its just like a farm in a story book.
Ian: Is it?
Mary: Yes, there are so many different animals.
Ian: Yes, you are right. Here in the farmyard we have ducks, chickens and a few pigs. Then in that field, we have a few sheep.
Mary: And some lambs, too.
Ian: Yes. And in this field, as you can see, we have cows.
Mary: Can you tell me why they are making that noise?
Ian: They need milking.
Paul: Is it true that cows enjoy being milked?
Ian: No, thats not quite true. Some cows enjoy it, but some dont. Would you like to help me to milk the cows?
Mary: Yes, Id love to.
Sue: And Id like to watch you milk the cows!
.
1. What does Ian do for a living?
2. What animals does Ian keep at his farm?
3. What does Mary think about Ians farm?
. , .
| horse | calf |
| cow | kid |
| hen | puppy |
| sheep | gosling |
| goat | foal |
| pig | kitten |
| duck | chicken |
| dog | duckling |
| cat | piglet |
| goose | lamb |
9. - .
Crops
Sue: What are your main crops?
Ian: We grow wheat, barley and some oats.
Paul: Am I right in thinking that it is harder to grow wheat than oats?
Ian: No, I dont think thats correct. In fact, in my experience, the opposite is true.
Paul: Oh.
Mary: When do you plant the crops?
Ian: We sow in the spring, then we harvest in the late summer, early autumn.
Mary: What is the man in the tractor doing?
Ian: Hes harvesting the wheat. Actually, its not a tractor. Its called a combine harvester.
Paul: I think weve all got a lot to learn about the country.
Grammar Exercises
1. , I II:
1. The Lord Chancellor sits in the House of Lords on a large cushion stuffed with wool.
2. During the Industrial Revolution in Britain foodstuffs imported from overseas (Australia, New Zealand and Canada) became more profitable.
3. Large farms having over 50 hectares of land and employing 4 or more fulltime workers produce about half of the total agricultural output.
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4. Landowners having large estates and deriving income from rents are called landlords or landed aristocracy.
5. The increasing use of intensive methods of production in agriculture has led to greater specialization.
6. Wheat and barley are the main cereals grown in the eastern part of the country.
2. I II , . .
1. The only force (to act) on a freely falling body in vacuum is gravity.
2. Scientists have (to develop) different types of lasers.
3. When (to place) over the fire, a substance becomes hot.
4. The results (to obtain) with a digital computer are more accurate, than the results (to obtain) with an analogue computer.
5. A person can travel by car through any country in Europe (to know) international road signs.
6. The first practical telephone was (to invent) by the American scientist in 1876 and was further (to improve) by Edison.
7. In 1876 he was (to work) in Paris.
8. When (to heat) to a certain temperature, water increases in volume.
9. The man (to make) a report is the dean of our department.
10. Tests are usually (to write) at the end of the term.
3. .
1. , , .
2. , .
3. , .
4. , , .
5. , .
6. , , .
7. , , .
8. , .
4. :
1. Selection is a simple but important method of improving plants.
2. She insisted on her method being applied o the farm.
3. Farmers are sure of obtaining high yields of tomatoes this year.
4. The use of electric power for mechanizing jobs in various production processes is steadily being extended.
5. A part of that income is used for developing and improving production.
6. We know of these production complexes ensuring high labour productivity.
7. Plowing is carried out in spring and autumn.
8. They insisted on buying this new equipment.
9. You heard of his being sent to Moscow.
10. Their having made those experiments is very important.
11. Protecting the environment from pollution is the most important problem today.
12. She translated the text without using a dictionary.
13. Our having applied the necessary fertilizers resulted in higher potato yields.
5. , ing .
1. We know of the development of agriculture being closely connected with the development of mechanization and electrification.
2. Our scientists work at finding more efficient ways to increase crop yields.
3. Using selection we can improve plants.
4. She is fond of dancing.
5. He began working at the problem of soil protection a year ago.
6. Applying the necessary fertilizers, we can improve soil fertility.
7. British livestock farmers achieved great success in improving cattle breeds.
8. They could solve this difficult problem having made a lot of experiments.
9. In solving this problem we must take into consideration many factors.
6. , , .
1. We expect this crop to be grown in our region.
2. Electric power is known to be transformed into light energy in the electric lamp.
3. We expect thousands of new jobs to be created in this field.
4. Deliveries of the equipment for atomic power stations are reported to grow.
5. To get those data we had to make numerous experiments.
6. The housing problems are known to rank first in todays countryside.
7. It is necessary to raise the efficiency of the use of both irrigated and drained lands.
8. To get this magazine they were to go to the library.
9. We discussed the methods to be used in our work.
7. , .
1. , , .
2. , 9 .
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3. , .
4. , .
5. , , .
6. , ?
7. , .
8. , .
9. , .
Test 9
