1.
, , ,
, , .. ,
, , x. xi < y > i D yi. xi , , < x > i, D xi. < y > i < x > i , .15, .
, , , < x > i < y > i. 0.7 0.95. ( ) . , xi, , yi, , .15, . ( , ). .15 , y = f (x). , , , = f (x) . , , .15,
, , (x 1, y 1), (x 2, y 2),..., (xn, yn), .15, . , , , , , , . , , , ,
.
2.
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, x y , , , , ,
y = ax + b. (66)
a b , : xi, yi (.16). (axi + b). xi, yi (axi + b yi). , , (axi + b yi) . ,
a b , , 1S n (axi + b yi).
, , a b.
d [1S n (axi + b yi)2]/ da = 0,
d [1S n (axi + b yi)2]/ db = 0. (67)
a ×1S nxi + n × b 1S nyi = 0,
b ×1S nxi + a ×S1S nxi + a ×1S nxi 2 1S nxiyi = 0. (68)
a b:
a = [ n ×1S nxiyi 1S nxi 1S nyi ]/[ n ×1S nxi 2 (1S nxi)2], (69)
b = [1S nxi 21S nyi 1S nxi 1S nxiyi ]/[ n ×1S nxi 2 (1S nxi)2]. (70)
n .
. a b.
S 02 , Sa 2 Sb 2 a b.
S 02 = 1S nyi 2 / (n 2) (1S nyi)2 / n ×(n 2) (n ×1S nxiyi 1S nxi 1S nyi)2 / n ×(n 2)×[ n ×1S nxi 2 (1S nxi)2], (71)
Sa 2 = n×S 02 / [ n ×1S nxi 2 (1S nxi)2], (72)
Sb 2 = S 02×1S nxi 2 / [ n ×1S nxi 2 (1S nxi)2], (73)
n 2, .
a = [(< xy >) (< x >)×(< y >)] / [< x 2) < x >2], (69)
b = [< x 2>×< y > < x >×(< xy >)] / [< x 2> < x >2], (70)
S 02 = [ n /(n 1)]× { < y 2> < y >2 [< xy > - < x >< y >]2 / [< x 2) < x >2] }, (71)
Sa 2 = S 02 / n[< x 2) < x >2], (72)
Sb 2 = S 0×< x 2>. (73)
(68) , < x > < x >2.
, . xi, yi .
, . . , , y = k / x + l, , z = 1/ x, y z. , y = abx, , x lg y. , , . , .
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, , .
- . , , , ,
, , , , . , -, : . , , , .
: y = ax 2 + bx + c, (, , ). , .
, , .
, . . .
12 (74-85).
3.
. , , , , , , , . , , 1%, , . , 1¸0.1%, .
:
, , ( 10 ) . , .
.
1. , 27.3 , 6.45 . 1%.
:
R = V / I = 6.45/0.0273 = 236.2627 ;
V I 100, R 1%. , , 236.3 .
, V 1/ I 100. , 1%, 2%, R = 2364 . , , .
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2. . , , .
l d l = 25.32 , S = 0.12 . d =1.54 . Sd = 0.021 .
R
SR 2 = (Sd 2)2/(d 2)2 + Sl 2/ l 2.
, Sd 2 = 2× Sd,
SR/R = {(2 Sd / d 2)2 + Sl 2/ l 2}1/2.
, .
( ) Sd 2/ d 2 = 2× Sd / d 2 = 1.8%. 0.95, . IV t a ,n = 2.3,
D< R >/< R > = 1.8×2.3/101/2 1.3%.
, 0.95.
, R 100, .. .
R = 1.78×10-6 4l/pd2 = 2.42×104 .
1.3% ( 0.95).
4.
, D x, , .
, (. .54), , nS , .
10 S 30%. , , 10S , 3, , 4.
, 10 S 0.523, 10 S = 0.5; 10 S = 0.124; 10 S = 0.12.
n = 25 s nS = 1/7. , nS , .. nS = 2., 2.34 nS = 0.52, 0.523.
, , . , .
, , , . , .