.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


(47)




Y + D Y = A ×(X + D X) + B, (48)

(47) (48),

D Y = A ×D X. (49)

D X X, D Y .

, Y = f (X), , ,

D X = f ' (X)×D X. (50)

, (50)

D Y / Y = [ f (X)/ f (X)]×D X. (51)

.

2. , X 1, X 2,..., Xn, (26).

.

Y = X 1× X 2× X 3,

s Y 2 = (X 1 X 2s X 3)2 + (X 2 X3 s X 1)2 + (X 1 X 3s X 2)2.(52)

.

Y = X 1/ X 2,

sY2 = (s X 1/ X 2)2 + (X 1/ X 2)s X 22. (53)

(52) (53) :

(s Y / Y)2 = (s X 1/ X 1)2 + (s X 2/ X 2)2 + (s X 3/ X 3)2. (54)

(s Y / Y)2 = (s X 1/ X 1)2 + (s X 2/ X 2)2 (55)

, Y X 1, X 2,..., Xn

s Y = {1S n [( f / X i)×s Xi ]2}1/2. (56)

(52¸56) , s nS, p r.

D Y = {1S n [( f / X i)×D Xi ]2}1/2. (57)

Y ,

(DY/Y)2 = 1S n [(1/ f)×( f / X i)×D Xi ]2.

(1/ f)×( f / X i) = ln f / Xi, (58)

D Y / Y = {1S n [ ln f / Xi)×D Xi ]2}1/2. (59)

, ?

= f (x) xi, :

1) < x > = S nxi / n , = f (x), < > = f (< x >);

2) xi i = f (xi), < y > = 1S nyi / n. (60)

y: , < x >,

D y = f' (x)×D x, (61)

, yi y , ,

s< y > = {1S n (< y > yi)2/(n 1)}1/2.

, ( ), , , .

, . , , y, , .

.IV . , .

 

12.

Xi, Y.

. , .

. , , . X 1, X 2 X 3. d = m / V ( , V ) . s X 1, s X 2, s X 3 , s m . , (26),

(s d / d)2 = (s m / m)2 + (s X 1/ X 1)2 + (s X 2/ X 2)2 + (s X 3/ X 3)2.

, , 1 10 . s m / m 104 102 %.

1 3. , , , , s X / X < 104; 1 , s X 104 . , 0.01 , , , 100. , , , . , . 104, , , 103 , .

, .

, , X 1 << X 2 X 3 (.13).

, , D x, ( ).

(. .15). s X 1= s X 2= s X 3= s x,

s X 1/ X 1 >> s X 2/ X 2 s X 3/ X 3

.

, 3¸4 , .

, (57) . , . - , , .

 

13.

. , , , , , , 1 . , .

, V X 1× X 2× X 3. , 90, . , 1, 1%.

10.000 90, , . , . , , , , , , , .14, . . .

, , V = X 1× X 2× X 3, , . , . , , , . , , , . , , , , .

90 . . , , .

, .

 

14.

, , . , .

. , .

, . , .

, , , , 0.75 , , , , , +0.2 0.3 . . , , , , .

, d, s2, S

S = d + 2s. (62)

, 0.95 , , S.

.

, , . .

, , , .

- .

, , , , , .

- .

, , d s', d 3s'. :

S = [9×(s')2 + 9×s2]1/2 = [d2 + 9×s2]1/2. (63)

S 0.997. , , (62) (63), . ( ) .

, d1, d2,..., d n s, S

S = [s2 + S n d i 2]1/2. (64)

[18] , , S. : " , , , ". , (64), , .

(64) , , : , , , . d (62)¸(64) , , . .

d , .

, s , . nS, s, , n.

(64) .

 

15.

, , : , s, , s<x> = s/ n 1/2.

, , .

, , d.

, , . , , , ,

D x << d. (65)

, , , D x d (65). , , , , , 10. , , D x £ d/10, (65) . : D x £ d/3 D x £ d/2.

a, , 0.95, a. .V [14], D x . .

 

1. , 1 . 2.3 . , 1.5 0.95?

D x = d/2 = 0.5 , nS = 2.3 , D x = (0.5/2.3)× nS = 0.22× nS.

.V a= 0.95 e = 0.3 = 46 e = 0.2 n = 100. , , e = D x / S = 0.22 n57.

, 60 , .

 

, , , .

d= D x = 0.45× S, .V ( a= 0.95) n 23.

, , , .

2. 1%. d = 0.1%.

, ?

,

D x /s = 0.05/1 = 0.05.

.V a = 0.95 D x /s = 0.05 n = 1500(!).

, .

, , . , s £ 5×d

s , , .V.

, .

 





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