Y + D Y = A ×(X + D X) + B, (48)
(47) (48),
D Y = A ×D X. (49)
D X X, D Y .
, Y = f (X), , ,
D X = f ' (X)×D X. (50)
, (50)
D Y / Y = [ f (X)/ f (X)]×D X. (51)
.
2. , X 1, X 2,..., Xn, (26).
.
Y = X 1× X 2× X 3,
s Y 2 = (X 1 X 2s X 3)2 + (X 2 X3 s X 1)2 + (X 1 X 3s X 2)2.(52)
.
Y = X 1/ X 2,
sY2 = (s X 1/ X 2)2 + (X 1/ X 2)s X 22. (53)
(52) (53) :
(s Y / Y)2 = (s X 1/ X 1)2 + (s X 2/ X 2)2 + (s X 3/ X 3)2. (54)
(s Y / Y)2 = (s X 1/ X 1)2 + (s X 2/ X 2)2 (55)
, Y X 1, X 2,..., Xn
s Y = {1S n [( f / X i)×s Xi ]2}1/2. (56)
(52¸56) , s nS, p r.
D Y = {1S n [( f / X i)×D Xi ]2}1/2. (57)
Y ,
(DY/Y)2 = 1S n [(1/ f)×( f / X i)×D Xi ]2.
(1/ f)×( f / X i) = ln f / Xi, (58)
D Y / Y = {1S n [ ln f / Xi)×D Xi ]2}1/2. (59)
, ?
= f (x) xi, :
1) < x > = S nxi / n , = f (x), < > = f (< x >);
2) xi i = f (xi), < y > = 1S nyi / n. (60)
y: , < x >,
D y = f' (x)×D x, (61)
, yi y , ,
s< y > = {1S n (< y > yi)2/(n 1)}1/2.
, ( ), , , .
|
|
, . , , y, , .
.IV . , .
12.
Xi, Y.
. , .
. , , . X 1, X 2 X 3. d = m / V ( , V ) . s X 1, s X 2, s X 3 , s m . , (26),
(s d / d)2 = (s m / m)2 + (s X 1/ X 1)2 + (s X 2/ X 2)2 + (s X 3/ X 3)2.
, , 1 10 . s m / m 104 102 %.
1 3. , , , , s X / X < 104; 1 , s X 104 . , 0.01 , , , 100. , , , . , . 104, , , 103 , .
, .
, , X 1 << X 2 X 3 (.13).
, , D x, ( ).
(. .15). s X 1= s X 2= s X 3= s x,
|
|
s X 1/ X 1 >> s X 2/ X 2 s X 3/ X 3
.
, 3¸4 , .
, (57) . , . - , , .
13.
. , , , , , , 1 . , .
, V X 1× X 2× X 3. , 90, . , 1, 1%.
10.000 90, , . , . , , , , , , , .14, . . .
, , V = X 1× X 2× X 3, , . , . , , , . , , , . , , , , .
90 . . , , .
, .
14.
, , . , .
|
|
. , .
, . , .
, , , , 0.75 , , , , , +0.2 0.3 . . , , , , .
, d, s2, S
S = d + 2s. (62)
, 0.95 , , S.
.
, , . .
, , , .
- .
, , , , , .
- .
, , d s', d 3s'. :
S = [9×(s')2 + 9×s2]1/2 = [d2 + 9×s2]1/2. (63)
S 0.997. , , (62) (63), . ( ) .
, d1, d2,..., d n s, S
|
|
S = [s2 + S n d i 2]1/2. (64)
[18] , , S. : " , , , ". , (64), , .
(64) , , : , , , . d (62)¸(64) , , . .
d , .
, s , . nS, s, , n.
(64) .
15.
, , : , s, , s<x> = s/ n 1/2.
, , .
, , d.
, , . , , , ,
D x << d. (65)
, , , D x d (65). , , , , , 10. , , D x £ d/10, (65) . : D x £ d/3 D x £ d/2.
a, , 0.95, a. .V [14], D x . .
1. , 1 . 2.3 . , 1.5 0.95?
D x = d/2 = 0.5 , nS = 2.3 , D x = (0.5/2.3)× nS = 0.22× nS.
.V a= 0.95 e = 0.3 = 46 e = 0.2 n = 100. , , e = D x / S = 0.22 n57.
, 60 , .
, , , .
d= D x = 0.45× S, .V ( a= 0.95) n 23.
, , , .
2. 1%. d = 0.1%.
|
|
, ?
,
D x /s = 0.05/1 = 0.05.
.V a = 0.95 D x /s = 0.05 n = 1500(!).
, .
, , . , s £ 5×d
s , , .V.
, .