I.
I
060301
2015
54(076)
2473
84
.., .., .., .. . I. .: I 33.05.01 (060301) . : - , 2015. 106 .
: .. , .. , .. , .. .
:
, .. . .. .
ISBN
, , ; . , , , , , . , . 33.05.01 (060301) .
Ó.. , .. , .. , .. . 2015
Ó , 2015
| .......................................................................................................................... 1. | 4 | |||
| 1.1. | . .......................... | 6 | ||
| 1.2. | . .................. | 14 | ||
| 1.3. | . ............................................................ | 24 | ||
| 1.4. | ........................................................ | 30 | ||
| 1.5. | ............................................................... | 36 | ||
| 1.6. | . ................................................ | 40 | ||
| 1.7. | pH ........................................... | 47 | ||
| 1.8. | .......................................................................................... | 53 | ||
| 1.9. | .... | 59 | ||
| 1.10. | 68 | |||
| 1.11. | . | 81 | ||
| 2. 腅.
充 酅. .. .
| 90 95 96 99 103 104 | |||
1- 33.05.01 (060301) , . , .
- .
():
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .
, ( ), , ( , ), ( ), ( ).
.
- , .
(48 ), , (24 ). .
, , -.
.
, , , .
, , , .
|
|
|
, .
.
, . , , .
, , , .
. . , , .
1.
.
, , , . : , , . . . .
() , . , .
, . , , , , . , , .
. . .
, .
.
W = m / m
W ;
m (, );
m (, ).
(W ) %-.
, NaOH = 0,1 10%. , 100 NaOH 10 90 .
.
() = n() / V,[/3, /, ]
() ;
n() ;
V (3, ).
, (NaOH) = 0,1 /3;
(H2SO4) = 0,5 /3;
(+) = 2 ∙10 2 /3.
1÷1, . .
|
|
|
, , / .
.
( ) 3 () .
(1/z X) [/3, /, ].
1/ z . , .
z ( , ), / .
, , . :
1. 2SO4 . :
) H2SO4 + NaOH = NaHSO4 + H2O z = 1 => 1/z = 1
) H2SO4 + 2NaOH = Na2SO4 +2 H2O z = 2 => 1/z = 2
2. / nO4 , , nO4 :
)
nO4 + 8+ + 5 → Mn2+ + 4H2O z = 5 => 1/z = 1/5
)
nO4 + 3+ + 3 → Mn2 + 2H2O z = 3 => 1/z= 1/3
)
nO4 + 1 → Mn42 z = 1 => 1/z = 1
. , (1/z) = z ∙ ()
1/z = 1, . , , ..
(1/z): () = z
, 34 (34) = 0,2 /3 (1/3 34) = 0,2 · 3 = 0,6 /3.
(1/ z ) , ,
-
:
:
.
, .
.
t = m / V, [/3]
t ;
m , ;
V .
, t(Na23) = 0,00125 /3, , 13 0,00125 Na23.
:
m (, );
m (, );
W ( , %);
|
|
|
() (/, /);
1/z ( );
n() ();
n(1/z) ();
() (/3, /);
(1/z) (/3, /);
ρ (/3, /);
V (3, 3, );
t (/3).
, :
m = ρ ∙ V;
n() = m() / ();
m() = () () V;
m() = (1/z) (1/z) V.
- : .
- . .
- .
- :
Ø ;
Ø ;
Ø ;
Ø .
1. 30%, 1,29 /3.
| : | : |
| W(NaOH) = 30 % | 1. 1 3 : |
| ρ(NaOH) = 1,29 /3 | (1 3 = 1000 3) |
| (NaOH) =? | m = V ρ = 1000 1,29 = 1290 () |
| 2. NaOH 1 3 : W(NaOH) m 30 1290 m(NaOH) = ----------------------- = --------------- = 387 () 100 100 | |
| 3. : M(NaOH) = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40 / | |
| 4. : m(NaOH) 387 C(NaOH) = -------------------- = ---------- = 9,68 (/3) M(NaOH) V 40 1
| |
| : (NaOH) = 9,68 /3 | |
2. (%) , , 0,89 /3, 1 /3?
| : | : |
| (H22) = 0,89 /3 | 1. 1 3 : |
| ρ (H22) = 1 /3 | m = V ρ = 1000 1 = 1000 () |
| --------------------------------- | 2. : |
| W(H22) =? | M(H22) = 34 / |
| 3. H22: m(H22) = (H22) (H22) V = 0,89 34 1 = 30,26 () | |
| 4. (%) : m(H22) 30,26 100 W(H22) = --------------- 100 = ------------------ 100 = 3,03 % m 1000
| |
| : W(H22) = 3,03 % | |
3. MgSO4 72, , 20 %, 1,22 /3.
| : | : |
| W(MgSO4 72) = 20 % | 1. 1 3 : |
| ρ(MgSO4 72) = 1,22 /3 | m = V ρ = 1000 1,22 = 1220 () |
| (1/z MgSO4 72) =? | |
| 2. 1 3 : | |
| W(MgSO4 72) m 20 1220 m(MgSO4 72) = ------------------------------ = -------------- = 244 () 100 100 | |
|
3. : M(½ MgSO4 72) = 246/2 = 123 / | |
|
4. : m(½ MgSO4 72) 244 C(½ MgSO4 72) = ---------------------------------- = ---------- = 1,98 (/3) M(½ MgSO4 72) V 123 1 | |
| : (½ MgSO4 72) = 1,96 /3 | |
4. , 150 3 1,3163 NaCl.
| : | : | ||
| V(Nal) = 150 3 |
m(NaCl) 1,3163 t(NaCl) = -------------- = ------------ = 8,775 10 3 (/3) V 150
| ||
| m(NaCl) = 1,3163 | |||
| t(NaCl) =? | |||
| : t(NaCl) = 8,775 10 3 /3
| |||
5. (%) , , 2 /3, 1,11 /3.
| : | : |
| (½l2) = 2 /3 | 1. 1 3 : |
| ρ (l2) = 1,11 /3 | m = V ρ = 1000 1,11 = 1110 () |
| W(l2) =? | 2. : |
| M(½l2) = (l2): 2 = 111: 2 = 55,5 / | |
| 3. 1 3 : m(l2) = (½l2) (½l2) V = 2 55,5 1 = 111 () | |
| 4. (%) : m(½l2) 111 W(l2) = ---------------- 100 = --------- 100 = 10 % m 1110 | |
| : W(l2) = 10 % | |
