Have, has, had всегда указывают на то, что это - совершенный (законченный) вид, если:
1. этот компонент не является последним компонентом сказуемого
2. после него не идет частица 'to'.
3. этот компонент не является единственным компонентом сказуемого
4. после него стоит глагол в третьей форме (в соотв. с таблицей неправильных глаголов или с окончанием -ed)
Например:
1. shall have (-) I shall have breakfast2. does not have(-) He doesn’t have time3. has (-) Mary has a lot of friends4.has not done (+) He has not complet ed his education yet
5. were having (-) They were having lunch at that time yesterday6. had to do(-) The engeneer had to check the data once again7.had been written (+) The program had been written by the time they received the instructions
ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ: Сказуемые has had, have had, had had - всегда Perfect
Переводится Perfect на русский язык глаголом совершенного вида:
We have completed our work = Мы закончили (нельзя: Мы заканчивали)
We will have completed our work by 6 = мы закончим
EXERCISES
Найдите сказуемое в Perfect
V A-9.
was having
has not done
have been housed
shall do
have to go
will have
has had
had
shall have to take
does not have
had to give
Определение вида Continuous (несовершенного/продолженного).
Окончание - ing у глагола является признаком несовершенного (продолженного) вида, если этот глагол:
1. не является 1-ым компонентом
2. впереди него имеется глагол to be в одной из личных форм
Например:
1. is being done (+) The program is be ing written
2. having completed(-) Having completed his work early he didn’t know what to do.
3. shall be reading (+) Tommorrow at six I’ll be read ing this lecture at History Dep.
4. being asked (-) He hated being asked
5. are watching (+) We are watch ing TV at present
На русский язык переводится обычно глаголом несовершенного вида
I will be translating this article at 5 =Я буду переводить (нельзя: Я переведу)
EXERCISES
Найдите вид Continuous:
V A-ll.
am doing
being answered
were being done
will be writing
having passed
having been read
asking
was having
V A-12.
being stick
were being created
will be flying
having produced
having been reduced
acting
was running
am pressing
Определение вида lndefinite(Simple)(простого неопределенного).
Неопределенный (простой) вид определяется методом отрицания: если нет признаков Perfect или Continuous, значит это Indefinite.
Например:
were doing -
took+ (He took my book)was done + (The research was done unthoroughly)
have been moved -
have taken -
have + (I have a computer)
Indefinite переводится на русский глаголом несовершенного или совершенного вида.
I go to the University every day = Я хожу в Университет
ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ 1: при переводе сказуемых в Present Continuous и Indefinite на русский язык необходимо в первом случае подчеркивать процесс совершения действия, а во втором - регулярность действия.
I visit my friends very often = Я часто навещаю своих друзей
I’m visiting my friends = Я сейчас у своих друзей
I go to the University every day = Я хожу в Университет
I am going to the University = Я иду в университет
ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ 2: сказуемое в Past Continuous лучше переводить глаголом несовершенного вида, а сказуемое в Past Indefinite - глаголом совершенного вида:
I was visiting my friends yesterday = Я навещал своих друзей
I visited my friends yesterday = Я навестил своих друзей
EXERCISES
V A-14 Выпишите сказуемые только в Indefinite.
shall be doing
has
will come
have been translated
am doing
had had
were having
shall have been written
does not answer
will be going
V A-15. Определите время и вид следующих сказуемых:
will be moving
had
will pass
have been contained
am drinking
has had
were watching
shall have created
does not resist
will be flowing
shall be attached
moved
V A-16.
is designing
had completed
works
shall accomplish
has swept
houses
will attach
am having
will be reading
reported,
has been translated
is passing
shall be reducing
provided
had been retracted
V A-15 Определите аспект и время сказуемых:
was taken, will be taken, had taken, would take, is built, have been built, will have built, built, was being felt, are feeling, will have been felt, were writen, has writen, writes, are being writen, have read, will read, shall have been read, were read, is being seen, am seeing, are seen, saw, had done, will be done, were doing, shall do, make, are being made, made, will have been made, should be going, are gone, goes, has gone, will go, will have left, was left, are leaving, leave, were getting, will be got, has got, am getting.
V A-16 Переведите сказуемые:
is eating, will eat, was eating, had eaten, shall begin, will have begun, began, shall begin, have blown, were blowing, is blowing, has chosen, will choose, chose, buys, were buying, were bringing, had brought, has come, came, was coming, will be coming, shall have drawn, has drawn, drew, draws, has found, am finding, have found, knew, will know, gives, gave, is thinking, thought, is keeping
V A-17 Определите сказуемое, его время и аспект, переведите предлжения на русский язык:
1. The most important features specifying the place of articulation of consonants are interior.
2. Chomsky and Halle used the features high/nonhigh and low/nonlow to specify the height of the tongue.
3. The relationship between the two concepts is, however, more complicated.
4. Such widely varying evaluations have influenced different theories concerning the nature of social structure.
5. This phrase expresses the Marxian view that the basic structure of society is economic.
6. In agreement with Jakobson, they had claimed that each feature functions as a binary opposition.
7. For instance, the first segment of the phonological representation of "man" will not include the above-mentioned feature.
8. Linguists are now studying much more intensively than they have in the past the complexities of the interdependence of syntax.
9. Educational psychologists applied themselves to the task of early identification and discovery of talented persons.
10. And in Italy, the Phenomenology circle has centred around Enzo Paci
Анализ сказуемого с точки зрения категории залога (Voice)
В английском языке, как и в русском, существуют 2 типа залога: Active (активный) и Passive (пассивный) Voice(Залог) - отношение между подлежащим и дополнением в предложении. Эта взаимообусловленная связь выражается с помощью сказуемого.
Как определить какой залог будет иметь сказуемое?
Если подлежащее является непосредственным исполнителем действия и это действие направлено на дополнение, то сказуемое будет иметь активный залог (Active Voice).
I read the book. Я читаю книгу.
Если же непосредственным исполнителем действия является дополнение и действие направлено на подлежащее, то сказуемое будет иметь пассивный залог (Passive Voice).Thebookis read by me.Книга читается мной
Если мы используем пассивный залог, то нас может не интересовать производитель совершаемого действия, поэтому дополнение с предлогом 'by опускается.
The test is being conducted. Испытание проводится.
В предложении с Passive Voice, подлежащим может становиться как прямое, так и косвенное дополнение.
S
P
O(dir)
O(ind)
They
gave
the book
to me
The book
was given
to me (by them)
I
was given
the book
(by them)
Существует 3 способа перевода Passive Voice на русский язык; с помощью:
1) глагола 'быть' в прошедшем или будущем времени + краткое страдательное причастие It was done = Это было сделано
2) возвратного глагола (-ся /-сь)
The work is being done =Работа делается
3) неопределенно-личного предложения (из двух главных членов есть только сказуемое, которое всегда стоит в 3 л.-мн. числа)
The experiment is conducted = Эксперимент проводят
EXERCISES
Переведите всеми возможными способами:
1. Students were given dictionaries.
2. This article is being translated.
3. A 12-story building was being constructed on the square.
4. An interesting problem will be discussed at the conference.
5. The journal has been printed.
6. Data are being programmed.
Как распознать Passive Voice?
Для этого необходимо два условия:
1) чтобы в состав сказуемого входил глагол to be в любой форме:
(to)be, am, is, are, was, were, been
2) последний компонент сказуемого был бы в 3-й форме или с окончанием -ed
is doing-
must create-
had been read +
am done +
is to be-
was to come*-
* Смотрим такой глагол по таблице неправильных глаголов. Если у него совпадают 1 и 3 формы то в Passive Voice после частицы to должен быть глагол be: was to cut-,
was to be cut+
EXERCISES
VI A-l. Укажите Passive или Active
have worked -
are to write
were asked
will be revised
is being connected
was computing
have been done
will have been doing
has done
were produced
is being read
are to come
had been developed
was being translated
had opened
am invited
is to send
has been done
VI A-2. Определите время (Tense), вид (Aspect), залог (Voice).
will have seen
was sung
am being watched
is to see
had been opened
is being occupied
had crashed
is told
am to decide
will have been developed
had to come is read
is being reported
have
has been carried out
were
has had
had done
had been done
will correspond
will be translated
speaks
am reading
was being completed
VI A-3. Выпишите из VI А-2 все сказуемые в Passive. Оределите, какое одно из нижепреведённых подлежащих подходит к этим сказуемым:
VI А-4. Переведите на английский язык всеми возможными способами:
Статья переводится
Статью переведут
Статья будет переводиться
Статья была переведена
Статья переводилась
Особенности Passive Voice
В русском языке страдательный залог образуют только переходные глаголы, т.е. прямое дополнение становится подлежащим в таком предложении. В английском языке страдательный залог образуют не только такие глаголы, но также и глаголы, после которых следует дополнение с предлогом:
The monitor was sentfor(to sent for a monitor). За старостой послали.
The results were often referred to (to refer to results). На эти результаты часто ссылались.
The children are taken care of (to take care of children). О детях заботятся.
Каков алгоритм перевода?
S
P
1
The research
has been much spoken
about
2
They
have spoken
about
the research
3
Они
говорили
об
исследовании
4
--
Говорили
об
исследовании
5
Об исследовании говорили
Иногда в русском языке глагол требует дополнение с предлогом, а в английском - нет:
This question was answered immediately. На этот вопрос ответили немедленно.
EXERCISES
VI А-5. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. This phenomenon will be spoken about.
2. The reliability of this method will be insisted upon.
3. The excursion to exhibition was insisted on by many students.
4. He is taken care of by his sister.
5. The theory of relativity is referred to later
6. The article was spoken about by many reporters.
7. Many substances can be destroyed when they are acted upon.
8. Probably the decision will be arrived at after much discussion.
9. The book is thought of as most interesting.
10. She may be relied on in a situation like this.
11. This opinion should be relied on.
12. The experiment was watched by many students.
13. We were joined by a large group of tourists.
14. This discovery was followed by another one.
15. The neutron is completely unaffected by a magnetic field.
16. The behavior of this particle is influencet by various factors.
VI A-6. Определите Tense, Aspect, Voice. Переведите на русский язык.
is produced.
produces
will have been produced
is producing
The program
has produced
has been produced
had been produced
is being produced
produced
VI A-7. Образуйте от глагола to ask подобную "цепочку" сказуемых к подлежащему student. Переведите на русский язык полученные пары S+PR.
VI А-8 Переведите на русский язык
was reflected, shall be done, began, did not develop, saw, have been distinguished, has had, will see, determines, are published, was recognized, am provided, shall be extended, wrote, did not move, to expose, had done, have been mentioned, has seen, will begin, moves, are examined, did not enter, containts, had exposed, were being extended, are taken, enters, will occur, was estimated, approved, shall develop, did not begin, exists, has separated, were being modified, are studied, preferred, will vary, was observed, increased, shall be taken, to depend on, will believe, shall prove, developed, shall have recognized, were being asked, will be determined, shall be doing, does not deal, have thought, contain, will catch, shall grow, entered, shall move, were being asked, will be exposed, shall be moving, does not observe, does not depend, were being modified, wrote, reads, will come, will be tested, shall begin, was inhabited, is examining, was having, have been housed, has been done, will have, had, does not have, has not done, shall do, have to do, has had, shall take, had to give, were having, have been observed, has been modified, shall expose, moved, does not have, had not examined, shall depend, have to be observed, has begun, will be recognized, had to mention.
Анализ сказуемого с точки зрения наклонения. (Mood)
В английском языке (как и в русском) сказуемое имеет такую характеристику, как наклонение. Существуют 3 вида наклонения: изъявительное, повелительное и сослагательное. Соответственно: indicative, imperative, subjunctive.
