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Определение вида Perfect (совершенного).




Have, has, had всегда указывают на то, что это - совершенный (законченный) вид, если:

1. этот компонент не является последним компонентом сказуемого

2. после него не идет частица 'to'.

3. этот компонент не является единственным компонентом сказуемого

4. после него стоит глагол в третьей форме (в соотв. с таблицей неправильных глаголов или с окончанием -ed)

Например:

1. shall have (-) I shall have breakfast 2. does not have(-) He doesn’t have time       3. has (-) Mary has a lot of friends 4. has not done (+) He has not complet ed his education yet       5. were having (-) They were having lunch at that time yesterday 6. had to do(-) The engeneer had to check the data once again         7. had been written (+) The program had been written by the time they received the instructions

ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ: Сказуемые has had, have had, had had - всегда Perfect

Переводится Perfect на русский язык глаголом совершенного вида:

We have completed our work = Мы закончили (нельзя: Мы заканчивали)

We will have completed our work by 6 = мы закончим

EXERCISES

Найдите сказуемое в Perfect  

V A-9.

was having

has not done

have been housed

shall do

have to go

will have

has had

had

shall have to take

does not have

had to give

Определение вида Continuous (несовершенного/продолженного).

Окончание - ing у глагола является признаком несовершенного (продолженного) вида, если этот глагол:

1. не является 1-ым компонентом

2. впереди него имеется глагол to be в одной из личных форм

Например:

 

1. is being done (+) The program is be ing written 2. having completed(-) Having completed his work early he didn’t know what to do. 3. shall be reading (+) Tommorrow at six I’ll be read ing this lecture at History Dep. 4. being asked (-) He hated being asked 5. are watching (+) We are watch ing TV at present

На русский язык переводится обычно глаголом несовершенного вида

I will be translating this article at 5 =Я буду переводить (нельзя: Я переведу)

EXERCISES

Найдите вид Continuous:  
V A-ll. am doing              being answered were being done       will be writing having passed         having been read asking                 was having V A-12. being stick were being created    will be flying having produced       having been reduced acting                was running am pressing

 

Определение вида lndefinite(Simple)(простого неопределенного).

Неопределенный (простой) вид определяется методом отрицания: если нет признаков Perfect или Continuous, значит это Indefinite.

Например:

 

were doing -          took+ (He took my book) was done + (The research was done unthoroughly) have been moved - have taken -      have + (I have a computer)

Indefinite переводится на русский глаголом несовершенного или совершенного вида.

I go to the University every day = Я хожу в Университет

ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ 1: при переводе сказуемых в Present Continuous и Indefinite на русский язык необходимо в первом случае подчеркивать процесс совершения действия, а во втором - регулярность действия.

I visit my friends very often = Я часто навещаю своих друзей

I’m visiting my friends = Я сейчас у своих друзей

I go to the University every day = Я хожу в Университет

I am going to the University = Я иду в университет

ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ 2: сказуемое в Past Continuous лучше переводить глаголом несовершенного вида, а сказуемое в Past Indefinite - глаголом совершенного вида:

I was visiting my friends yesterday = Я навещал своих друзей

I visited my friends yesterday = Я навестил своих друзей

EXERCISES

V A-14 Выпишите сказуемые только в Indefinite.

shall be doing       has will come            have been translated am doing had had were having          shall have been written does not answer      will be going  
V A-15. Определите время и вид следующих сказуемых: will be moving        had will pass            have been contained am drinking          has had  were watching       shall have created does not resist     will be flowing shall be attached   moved V A-16. is designing had completed works shall accomplish has swept houses will attach am having will be reading reported, has been translated is passing shall be reducing provided had been retracted

V A-15 Определите аспект и время сказуемых:

was taken, will be taken, had taken, would take, is built, have been built, will have built, built, was being felt, are feeling, will have been felt, were writen, has writen, writes, are being writen, have read, will read, shall have been read, were read, is being seen, am seeing, are seen, saw, had done, will be done, were doing, shall do, make, are being made, made, will have been made, should be going, are gone, goes, has gone, will go, will have left, was left, are leaving, leave, were getting, will be got, has got, am getting.

V A-16 Переведите сказуемые:

is eating, will eat, was eating, had eaten, shall begin, will have begun, began, shall begin, have blown, were blowing, is blowing, has chosen, will choose, chose, buys, were buying, were bringing, had brought, has come, came, was coming, will be coming, shall have drawn, has drawn, drew, draws, has found, am finding, have found, knew, will know, gives, gave, is thinking, thought, is keeping

 

V A-17 Определите сказуемое, его время и аспект, переведите предлжения на русский язык:

1. The most important features specifying the place of articulation of consonants are interior.

2. Chomsky and Halle used the features high/nonhigh and low/nonlow to specify the height of the tongue.

3. The relationship between the two concepts is, however, more complicated.

4. Such widely varying evaluations have influenced different theories concerning the nature of social structure.

5. This phrase expresses the Marxian view that the basic structure of society is economic.

6. In agreement with Jakobson, they had claimed that each feature functions as a binary opposition.

7. For instance, the first segment of the phonological representation of "man" will not include the above-mentioned feature.

8. Linguists are now studying much more intensively than they have in the past the complexities of the interdependence of syntax.

9. Educational psychologists applied themselves to the task of early identification and discovery of talented persons.

10.    And in Italy, the Phenomenology circle has centred around Enzo Paci

 

Анализ сказуемого с точки зрения категории залога (Voice)

В английском языке, как и в русском, существуют 2 типа залога: Active (активный) и Passive (пассивный) Voice(Залог) - отношение между подлежащим и дополнением   в предложении. Эта взаимообусловленная связь выражается с помощью сказуемого.

 

Как определить какой залог будет иметь сказуемое?

 

  Если подлежащее является непосредственным исполнителем действия и это действие направлено на дополнение, то сказуемое будет иметь активный залог (Active Voice). I read the book. Я читаю книгу. Если же непосредственным исполнителем действия является дополнение и действие направлено на подлежащее, то сказуемое будет иметь пассивный залог (Passive Voice). The book is read by me. Книга читается мной Если мы используем пассивный залог, то нас может не интересовать производитель совершаемого действия, поэтому дополнение с предлогом 'by опускается. The test is being conducted. Испытание проводится.

В предложении с Passive Voice, подлежащим может становиться как прямое, так и косвенное дополнение.

S P O(dir) O(ind)
They gave the book to me
The book was given   to me (by them)
I was given the book (by them)

 

Существует 3 способа перевода Passive Voice на русский язык; с помощью:

1) глагола 'быть' в прошедшем или будущем времени + краткое страдательное причастие
It was done = Это было сделано

2) возвратного глагола (-ся /-сь)

The work is being done =Работа делается

3) неопределенно-личного предложения (из двух главных членов есть только сказуемое, которое всегда стоит в 3 л.-мн. числа)

The experiment is conducted = Эксперимент проводят

EXERCISES

Переведите всеми возможными способами:

1. Students were given dictionaries.

2. This article is being translated.

3. A 12-story building was being constructed on the square.

4. An interesting problem will be discussed at the conference.

5. The journal has been printed.

6. Data are being programmed.

 

Как распознать Passive Voice?

 

  Для этого необходимо два условия: 1) чтобы в состав сказуемого входил глагол to be в любой форме: (to)be, am, is, are, was, were, been 2) последний компонент сказуемого был бы в 3-й форме или с окончанием -ed is doing-        must create-       had been read + am done +      is to be-         was to come*-   * Смотрим такой глагол по таблице неправильных глаголов. Если у него совпадают 1 и 3 формы то в Passive Voice после частицы to должен быть глагол be: was to cut-,  was to be cut+

EXERCISES

VI A-l. Укажите Passive или Active

have worked - are to write were asked will be revised is being connected was computing have been done will have been doing has done were produced is being read are to come had been developed was being translated had opened am invited is to send has been done
VI A-2. Определите время (Tense), вид (Aspect), залог (Voice). will have seen was sung am being watched is to see had been opened is being occupied had crashed is told am to decide will have been developed had to come is read is being reported have has been carried out were has had had done had been done will correspond will be translated speaks am reading was being completed

VI A-3. Выпишите из VI А-2 все сказуемые в Passive. Оределите, какое одно из нижепреведённых подлежащих подходит к этим сказуемым:

results/research/ researcher (пример: Researcher speaks - Исследователь говорит)

VI А-4. Переведите на английский язык всеми возможными способами:

Статья переводится

Статью переведут

Статья будет переводиться

Статья была переведена

Статья переводилась

Особенности Passive Voice

В русском языке страдательный залог образуют только переходные глаголы, т.е. прямое дополнение становится подлежащим в таком предложении. В английском языке страдательный залог образуют не только такие глаголы, но также и глаголы, после которых следует дополнение с предлогом:

The monitor was sent for (to sent for a monitor). За старостой послали.

The results were often referred to (to refer to results). На эти результаты часто ссылались.

The children are taken care of (to take care of children). О детях заботятся.

 

Каков алгоритм перевода?

 

 
 

S

P

 

1

The research

has been much spoken

about   2

They

have spoken

about the research 3

Они

говорили

об исследовании 4

--

Говорили

об исследовании 5

Об исследовании говорили

               

 

Иногда в русском языке глагол требует дополнение с предлогом, а в английском - нет:

This question was answered immediately. На этот вопрос ответили немедленно.

EXERCISES

VI А-5. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. This phenomenon will be spoken about.

2. The reliability of this method will be insisted upon.

3. The excursion to exhibition was insisted on by many students.

4. He is taken care of by his sister.

5. The theory of relativity is referred to later

6. The article was spoken about by many reporters.

7. Many substances can be destroyed when they are acted upon.

8. Probably the decision will be arrived at after much discussion.

9.   The book is thought of as most interesting.

10. She may be relied on in a situation like this.

11. This opinion should be relied on.

12. The experiment was watched by many students.

13. We were joined by a large group of tourists.

14. This discovery was followed by another one.

15. The neutron is completely unaffected by a magnetic field.

16. The behavior of this particle is influencet by various factors.

VI A-6. Определите Tense, Aspect, Voice. Переведите на русский язык.

  is produced.
     produces
  will have been produced
  is producing
The program has produced
  has been produced
  had been produced
  is being produced
  produced

VI A-7. Образуйте от глагола to ask подобную "цепочку" сказуемых к подлежащему student. Переведите на русский язык полученные пары S+PR.

VI А-8 Переведите на русский язык

was reflected, shall be done, began, did not develop, saw, have been distinguished, has had, will see, determines, are published, was recognized, am provided, shall be extended, wrote, did not move, to expose, had done, have been mentioned, has seen, will begin, moves, are examined, did not enter, containts, had exposed, were being extended, are taken, enters, will occur, was estimated, approved, shall develop, did not begin, exists, has separated, were being modified, are studied, preferred, will vary, was observed, increased, shall be taken, to depend on, will believe, shall prove, developed, shall have recognized, were being asked, will be determined, shall be doing, does not deal, have thought, contain, will catch, shall grow, entered, shall move, were being asked, will be exposed, shall be moving, does not observe, does not depend, were being modified, wrote, reads, will come, will be tested, shall begin, was inhabited, is examining, was having, have been housed, has been done, will have, had, does not have, has not done, shall do, have to do, has had, shall take, had to give, were having, have been observed, has been modified, shall expose, moved, does not have, had not examined, shall depend, have to be observed, has begun, will be recognized, had to mention.

 

 

Анализ сказуемого с точки зрения наклонения. (Mood)

В английском языке (как и в русском) сказуемое имеет такую характеристику, как наклонение. Существуют 3 вида наклонения: изъявительное, повелительное и сослагательное. Соответственно: indicative, imperative, subjunctive.





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