, Object .
Attribute -ing- , ( , )
-ing- , ' .
, , .
: (storage , automate )
1. The task of automating the process of information storage was given to computer scientists.
2. Our efforts resulted in automating the process of information storage.
3. The information to be stored, referred to the field of marine biology.
4. We were ready to retrieve information from the Web site.
5. The information preserved in this Web site has great importance.
6. The lasting importance of this work is without doubt.
ing- of, :
( ) -.
ing- , :
.
, information, :
, , .
, :
.
ed- , information, :
, -, .
ing- , importance, :
.
2 -ed , -, ed-, 2- .
The data retrieved attracted our attention. .
The effect produced caused pain. .
, ing-. :
-
- ( ) Attribute . :
-
- ( )
-
EXERCISES
IX -5. , : (construct - , dispatch - , )
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1. Constructing indexes will take some time
2. To construct indexes search engines dispatch programs to every site
3. Constructing indexes search engines find the information asked by the user
4. To construct indexes is not a problem for a professional
5. Constructed indexes may be used as classifiers
6. Until constructed indexes cannot be used as classifiers
(Non-finite forms and their constructions)
; - + ; N (Pronoun, Numeral) + Non-Finite.
N+ Infinitive
N+ ing- form
N+ ParticipleII
:
Complex Subject ( )
Complex Object ( )
Complex Attributive ( )
Complex Adverbial ( )
, , . , , . , , N - , V - .
N+V , . .
The Subject Infinitive Construction.
. .
N+V: These data on the Web are said to have been found by search engines.
- "are said". . . , : ? : ... ... ... ...
, , ?. , . , .
, :
- ( )
believe, to think, to consider, to know, to say, to expect, to imagine, to assume, to suggest, to find, to understand, to see, to hear, etc.
. :
S Р O
Equal rights were considered/ heard/ expected/ thought/ to be provided to all the members of the society.
t seem - to appear, to prove -
. :
S Р O
These calculations seem/appear/prove to be wrong
/
Complex Subject :
to be likely - t be unlikely - , to be sure, to be certain -
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S P
Automated programs are sure/likely/unlikely to identify the characteristics of a document
//,
Complex Subject with Infinitive?
| : - ; - ; - ; , , , . : came here to tell the truth. , . proved to tell the truth. , . ! , ) ; , . : is said to produce impression. He said to produce impression. , . , . |
EXERCISES
-1. ; : Complex Subject with Infinitive, - . : . (indexing robots - quiery - )
1. Indexing robots are sure to perform sophisticated analysis.
2. Search engines will do it to service your quiery.
3. Indexing robots are understood to perform sophisticated analysis.
4. Search engines thought for a while to service your quiery.
5. Search engines are thought to service your quiery.
6. Indexing robots understood this to perform sophisticated analysis.
7. Search engines are unlikely to service your quiery.
8. Indexing robots were suggested to perform sophisticated analysis.
The Object Infinitive Construction
. .
We know these data to be stored in search engine's database.
know. , . . ? N+V, ... ... ... .... , , , . N+V , :
, .
, :
believe, to think, to consider, to know, to say,, to expect, to want, to assume, to suggest, to tend, to feel*, to see*, to hear*, etc.
. C omplex Object - , me, you, him, her, us, them. Object Infinitive Construction , , , + . , , .
* to.
Ive heard him play piano.
We expect/know /want /believe him to help us
/ / / / () ()
, , C omplex Object , adverbial().
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/.. /
S P O adver
I found this browser to make a quiery to the engine's database.
, .
Complex Object , .. , :
The librarian supposed this catalogue to be finished as soon as possible. .
EXERCISES
-2. , : Complex Object, - . .
1. We expected the whole body of information in this site to grow very quickly.
2. Our library has got some standards to facilitate automated indexing.
3. He knows some standards to facilitate automated indexing.
4. User wants URL (a uniform resource location) to represent the file residence.
5. He used URL to find the file residence.
6. Operator looked through the whole body of information to find out the necessary data.
(Subordinate Clauses)
( Complex Sentence Principal Clause and Subordinate Clause. . . . - .
| , , | ||
| 1. (The subject Clause). : ? ? | that if, whether who what , where whose which when how why | 1. a) Whether such a test will be a success is not clear. - - . b) That the action should fail will become evident later. - , . |
| 2. (The Predicative Clause). : ? ? ? ? | 2. The result is that this inquired book will be available only next week. - , . | |
| 3. : (The Object Clause) : ? ? ? | 3. He said that this failure had resulted from one initial error. - . | |
| 4. (The Attributive clause). : ? | : a) Who w hose w hich, what (. -) | 4. This page which was examined by the web crawlers is indexed with 5 letters. - , , 5 . |
| 5. (The Adverbial clause). : - ? - ? - , , , ? - ? - ? - ? - ? | a) when - , whenever - , while - b) as - , till (until) - (), before (after) - () c) where - , , wherever - d) because - , since - .., as - .., for - .., , now that - e) as - , as if - f) so that - .. g) though (although) - h) so that -, in order that - i) if - | Since this book is mentioned in a bibliographic reference it is easy to find it on the WEB site. , . A professional indexer can describe components of an individual page of all sorts wherever client asks him to fulfil it. , . |
EXERCISES
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XII A-1. Insert connection words between the principal and subordinate clauses: wherever, which, until, so that, when, whether, how that, who, that.
1. I met boatmen had taken me across the river.
2. he came to the beach, the storm was at its height.
3. The place was delightful we stayed there all summer.
4. The commission, consisted of ten members, was unanimous in its decision.
5. I should like to know they will come or not.
6. They decided to remain in town they received an answer to their letter.
7. The problem is this challenge cannot be taken just now.
8. he managed to do it remained unknown.
9. the river made its way, the vegetation was fresh, green and luxuriant.
, .. , .. . :
- ,
- ,
- .
that . .
We believe_ similar remarks may be made concerning other theories. , .
() ( ).
(which, that, when, etc.) . .
We have described some of the methods we used in conducting our research. , .
This is the place we left 20 years ago. , 20 .
: . place we.
"" if, provided, etc. 1- , .. .. .
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| 1. If this book were written in English, I could read it easily. | -, . |
| 2. Were this book written in English, I could read it easily. |
, . , .
EXERCISES
XII A-2. ,
| 1. it started to rain 2. after the runner fell down 3. before the telephone was invented 4. which no one clearly understood 5. she left because of you 6. what you said to me 7. a singer performed after dinner 8. because the chicken was burned 9. she has been crying a lot 10. when you left town | 11. the cost of chicken has gone up 12. whom he saw at the theatre 13. exercise promotes health 14. walking develops leg muscles 15. winning is not everything 16. that apples are very nutritious 17. while the choir was singing 18. if prices continue to climb 19. they arrived after the deadline |
XII A-3. , ,
| the water is used for irrigation 2. which is used to make chewing gum 3. a famous talk show host 4. her hopes for the future 5. the population increased greately 6. a brain infection causing jerking 7. the fourth largest city of the state 8. although the law was repealed 9. who lived in Oregon 10. several different writing systems | 11. when the radio was invented 12. the first ships were only logs 13. molluscs live in shells for protection 14. a city located near the coast 15. a boat floating down the river 16. staying busy makes the time fly 17. alligators living in Florida 18. before inflation slowed 19. because the temperature is never high 20. walking burns many calories |
XII A-4. , , .
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1. The aardvark, which hunts at night, feeds entirely on ants and termites.
2. In a group of African musicians, the drummer will probably serve as the leader.
3. Before he entered public service in 1794, John Quincy Adams was a successful Boston lawyer.
4. Former President Dwight Eisenhower considered himself a Kansas although he was born in Denison, Texas.
5. King Edward VIII of England abdicated his throne in 1936 because the government disapproved of his marriage plans.
6. In terms of population, Bangkok is quite a bit larger than Barcelona.
7. Adsorption, which is often confused with absorption, refers to a mixing or intermingling of two substances.
8. Through his use of the mobile, Alexander Calder created a new definition of sculpture.
9. When winter descends on North America, the weather in Acapilco, Mexico is warm and pleasant.
10. An accountant is a person who organises, maintains, analyses, and interprets business records.
11. In ancient Chinese medical procedure, acupuncture involves the insertion of thin metal needles into various parts f the human body.
12. An adult American alligator will range in length from six to twenty feet.
13. Sacramento, the capital of California, is located about ninety miles Northeast of San Francisco.
14. As the price of pocket calculators has dropped, engineering students have almost completely given up slide rulers which were once extremely popular.
15. Although growing children need up to twelve hours of sleep in some cases, many adults do well on only six hours per night.
16. The tsetse fly is primarily responsible for the transmission of the sleeping sickness from one victim to another.
17. Florida is located at about the same latitude in the northern hemisphere as parts in South Africa are in the southern hemisphere.
18. Born in Athens about 469 BC, Socrates was the son of a sculptor.
19. The sextant is an instrument that is used by navigators to find their location on the earths surface.
20. Saturn is the second largest planet in our solar system and the sixth from the Sun.
XII A-5. , . .
1. The twenty-eight space missions the US launched in the 60s and 70s involved very expensive spacecraft NASA could use only once.
2. The rocket system engineers designed launched the spacecraft successfully but burned up as it fell to earth.
3. The capsule the astronauts rode in was also designed to be used only once.
4. The Space Transportation System programme President Nixon approved in 1972 called for the development of a spacecraft NASA could reuse many times.
5. The design NASA selected for the STS programme is made up of three main parts.
6. The part the astronauts can control is the cargo-carrier.
7. The first STS flight NASA had originally scheduled for April 10 finally lifted off on Sunday, April 12, 1981.
8. The first launch was delayed because of a problem with the computer system the spacecraft used.
9. The astronaut the NASA officials chose for the first STS flight had a great deal of experience because of the five other space flights he had made.
10. The STS flight NASA launched in April 1981 was intended to be the first of many shuttle flights the US would send up in the following years.
4. -
Education Background, Career History and Research
Education and research
1. Are you a full-time or a part-time postgraduate student?
2. If you are a part-time student
why did you decide to study part-time?
do you have any family or work commitments?
is it difficult to combine studies and your job and home responsibilities?
3. Where did you get your first degree? Did you study at Kostroma State University of Technology or at any other university?
4. When did you graduate from university?
5. What faculty did you study at? What was your area of specialization?
6. Was the specialist knowledge you acquired as a student enough to start a successful career?
7. Were you research-active when a student? Did you do any research projects then? Did you participate in students academic seminars / conferences? Did you write and publish any academic papers?
8. What reasons underlie your decision to take a postgraduate course? Do you want
to acquire deeper knowledge of your professional field?
the postgraduate programme to contribute to your personal growth?
to improve your employability?
to accelerate your career development?
to change to a different career?
9. What department are you taking a postgraduate course at?
10. Who is your supervisor / academic adviser?
11. How does (s)he help you carry out your research?
12. What have you been doing this academic year as a postgraduate student?
Have you attended any seminars / workshops / tutorials relevant to your research interests?
Have you been doing associated reading and data collecting?
Have you already written any articles reflecting and summarizing your research achievements? How many? Have they been published? Where?
Have you taken part in any academic seminars, conferences so far?
13. Have you selected the subject for your dissertation? Have you developed the research programme? Has it been agreed with your supervisor / academic adviser?
14. What is the focus of your research? What problems / issues are you going to investigate?
15. Who could benefit from your research? Is your research project biased towards the needs of industry or commerce? Is it work-oriented? Will it have any practical impact? If yes, then what on?
16. Are you going to carry out any experiments aimed at testing new methods / techniques / devices / machine tools?
17. Have you started writing your dissertation yet?
18. When are you supposed to submit your dissertation to the Dissertation Committee?
Career history
1. What do you do?
2. Is it your first job? If not, then how many jobs have you had so far?
3. How big is the company you work for? Is it a private or a state-owned company?
4. What is your current position in the company? What are you in charge of? How many people work under you?
5. Are you satisfied with your job? What do you like / dont you like about it?
6. How would you describe your job? Is it responsible / demanding / challenging / stimulating / rewarding / exciting / motivating / interesting or dull / routine / uninteresting / repetitive / boring?
7. Do you have enough professional knowledge and skills to cope with your job responsibilities?
8. What are your career plans / ambitions? Do you intend to work for the same company all your life or would you like to find a more interesting / challenging and better-paid job?
9. Do you think that doing a postgraduate programme could help you get ahead and fulfil your career ambitions?
