. :
I) ;
2) - , (, -), (, , ); 3) , ; 4) .
2
| - | , -, , - - | - - , - . . - -. | . - . |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| 1 | Cr+3; Pb+2; C+4 | H3PO4; Ca(OH)2 | Zn→ZnO→Na2ZnO2→Zn(OH)2→ →ZnSO4 |
| 2 | Be+2; Na+1; C+4 | Cr(OH)3; H2SO4 | AlCl3→Al(OH)3→NaAlO2→ →Al(OH)3 |
| 3 | Ca+2; Zn+2; S+6 | Al(OH)3; HNO3 | Al2O3→Al(NO3)3→AlOH(NO3)2→ →Al(OH)3 |
| 4 | N+5; Al+3; Ba+2 | Ba(OH)2; HNO3 | K→KOH→KCrO2→Cr(OH)3 |
| 5 | K+1; Cr+3; N+3 | Ca(OH)2; H2CO3 | FeCl2→Fe(OH)2→Fe(OH)3→Fe2O3→ →FeCl3 |
| 6 | Ca+2; Be+2; Cl+7 | Al(OH)3; H2SO4 | AlCl3→Al(OH)3→NaAlO2→Al(OH)3 |
| 7 | Al+3; N+5; Cr+6 | H2CrO4; Ba(OH)2 | ZnSO4→Zn(OH)2→Na2ZnO2→ →Zn(OH)2 |
| 8 | S+4; Ni+2; Sn+2 | H2PbO2; Ba(OH)2 | Cr2(SO4)3→Cr(OH)3→NaCrO2→ →Cr(OH)3 |
| 9 | Mn+7; Cr+3; K+1 | Zn(OH)2; HNO3 | Cu→CuCl2→CuOHCl→Cu(OH)2→ →CuO |
| 10 | Si+4; Cd+2; Pb+2 | Al(OH)3; H2SO4 | Pb(NO3)2→Pb(OH)2→Na2PbO2→ →Pb(OH)2 |
| 11 | P+5; Fe+3; Cs+1 | H2SO3;Ba(OH)2 | Na→NaOH→Na2ZnO2→Zn(OH)2 |
| 12 | Se+6; Sr+2; Cl+1 | H3AsO4; KOH | Cr→CrCl3→Cr(OH)3→NaCrO2 |
| 13 | Pb+4; Mn+2; W+6 | Al(OH)3; H2SO4 | Al→NaAlO2→Al(OH)3→Al2O3 |
| 14 | Na+1; Mn+7; Cr+3 | Fe(OH)3; H2SO4 | Zn →Na2ZnO2→Zn(OH)2→Zn(NO3)2 |
| 15 | S+6; Mg+2; Be+2 | Ba(OH)2; H2SO4 | BeSO4→Be(OH)2→K2BeO2→ →Be(OH)2 |
| 16 | Ag+1; Sn+2; S+4 | Cr(OH)3; LiOH | CaCl2→CaCO3→CaO→Ca(OH)2 |
| 17 | As+5; Ni+2; C+4 | Cu(OH)2; H2SO4 | Ca→Ca(OH)2→CaCO3→ →Ca(HCO3)2 |
| 18 | Fe+2; Pb+4; Si+4 | H3AsO4; KOH | Al→NaAlO2→Al(OH)3→Al2(SO4)3 |
| 19 | Cr+6; Hg+2; Zn+2 | Sb(OH)3; H2CrO4 | K→KOH→KCrO2→Cr(OH)3 |
| 20 | Cr+2; Si+4; Fe+3 | Ba(OH)2; H2S | MgCl2→Mg(OH)2→MgOHCl→ →MgCl2 |
1
1
N 2O4
P+5 P 2O5 H3 O4 Na3O4
|
|
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N2O4
P 2O5 ; (V);
H3 O4 ; ;
Na 3 O4 ; .
N 2 O4 ; .
N H2 O4 ;
H3 O4 + 3NaOH = Na3O4 + 3H2O
H3 O4 + 3OH- = 3H2O + O4 3-
H3 O4 + HCl =
2
Zn (OH)2 H 2 SO 4
Zn(OH)2 - . ZnSO4, ; (ZnOH)2SO4, . H2SO4 , , Zn(HSO4)2, .
3
Al→Al(NO3)3→AlOH(NO3)2→ Al(OH)3 → Al2 (SO4)
r(NO3)3 + Al → Al(NO3)3 + r
Al(NO3)3 + NaOH . →AlOH(NO3)2 + NaNO3
Al3+ + OH- + 2NO3- = AlOH(NO3)2
AlOH(NO3)2 +2 NaOH= Al(OH)3 + 2NaNO3
AlOH(NO3)2 + 2OH- = Al(OH)3 + 2NO3-
2Al(OH)3 +3H2SO4 = Al2 (SO4) 3 +6H2O
2Al(OH)3 + 6 H+ = 2 Al3+ + 6H2O
3. .
.
. :
1)
2)
3) -;
4) ;
5) - , , ;
6) - ;
7) ;
8) ;
9) -;
10) , .
:
1. (ΙV) 젠 2NO+O2=2 NO2.
, - 2 , ? - ? (: - 8 , 4 ).
2. -
2SO2()+2()=2SO3(),
3 ? ? (: 27 ; 9 ).
3. CO()+2O()=CO2()+H2() 850º 1. , : [CO].=3 /, [2].=2 /. (:[CO2]=1,2 /; [2]=1,2 /; [CO]=1,8 /; [2]=0,8 /.
4. 393 10 . 393 , 3? (:4,5 .)
5. N2+3H2=2NH3 : N2=4 /; H2=2 /; NH3=6 /. -
|
|
|
. (: 1,1; N2=7 /; H2= 11/).
6. 4HCl+O2=2H2O+2Cl2. - , 3 .
7. 4HCl+O2=2H2O+2Cl2. , - 2 .
8. 0 0 . 100 0, γ = 3.
9.,
() + 2() ↔ 2() + 2() Δ = +42 :
) ; ) ;
.
10. 1000 ʠ
2NiO() + C() = 2Ni() + CO2().
11. 2,3. , 20 0.
12. :
) ZnO() + () ↔ Zn () + CO2(); Δ >0;
) 2() + 22() ↔ 4() + 2(); Δ< 0.
, : ) ; ) .
13. , 298 2500 :
iO2(k) +2C () = Ti () + 2 ().
14. 2 (Δ = -393, 5 /) :
() + 2 N2 () = 2 () + N2()
N2.
15. - CS2 () . . : + 230,43 .
16. ΔGo298 , :
CO() + 2() = 2 () + 2().
?
: - 19,91 .
17. :
4HCl() + O2() ↔ 2() + 2Cl2 (); Δ = -114,62 .
: , ? : 891 .
18. ΔGo298 , :
4NH3() + 5O2() = 4NO() + 6 H2O().
. ? : - 957,77 .
19. -:
H2() + S() = H2S(); Δ = - 20,15 .
So298 c , ΔSo298 ΔGo298 . H2S ? : 43,15 /∙; - 33,01 .
20. , , :
H2() + CO2() = CO() + H2O(); Δ = - 2,85 .
. , ΔGo298 .
: +19,91 .
4
