: , , , .
, . :
-, ( NH4OH);
- (H2SO4, HCI, HCI4, HNO3 .);
-, .
:
1.
312 + 234 = 3(4)2 ↓ +61,
32+ + 2O43- = 3(O4)2↓
.
2. :
S + H2SO4 = CSO4 + H2S ↑,
CS + 2H+ = C2+ + H2S ↑,
3. , :
H2SO4 + 2NaOH = Na2 SO4 + 2H2,
+ + - = 2,
4. , :
Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH = Na2 [Zn(OH)4]
Zn(OH)2 + 2 OH- = [Zn(OH)4] 2- .
, ( ) , , . ,
CH3COOH + NaOH Û CH3COONa + H2O
CH3COOH + OH Û CH3COO + H2O.
(CH3COOH) . , (1,8 . 1016) (1,8 . 105). : CH3COOH OH, ( ), .
2HNO3 + Mg(OH)2 Mg(NO3)2 + 2H2O
(), +; .
- :
2 H+ + OH-
- . :
[+] [-] = 10-14 /,
[+] = [-] = 10-7 /,
:
[+] = 10-7 / - ,
[+] > 10-7 / - ,
[+] < 10-7 / - .
:
p = - lg [+]
: < 7, = 7, > 7.
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, . , . .
1. , , .
NaCl + H2O
2. , , .
FeCl3 + 2 FeOHCl2 + 1,
Fe3+ + (FeOH)2+ + H+ (pH < 7),
3. , , .
Na2CO3 + 2 NaHCO3 + NaOH,
32- + 3- + - ( > 7).
4. , , .
2AlCl3 + 3Na2S + 62 = 2Al(OH)3↓ + 3H2S ↑ + 6NaCl,
2Al 3+ + 3S2- + 62 = 2Al(OH)3↓ + 3H2S ↑.