.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





(), , .

, . 4.5.

. 4.5. 2010-2012.

 

(. 4.6).

(), ( ). (. 4.7).

, , , . , , , . , .

 

. 4.6. 2011-2012.

 

. 4.7. 2012.

. , () , .

. , ( ) . , - . , - 䳿, ( , )

.

 

 


:

=

 

=

 

∆Υ = ∆Υ- ∆Υ - ∆Υ (4.8)

∆ Υ

∆Υ, ∆Υ, ∆Υ , ,

 

- . . , , .

:

-

Y = ∑ xi ═ x 1+ x 2++ xn; (4.9)

-

n

Y = Π xi = 1 2 ..... n; (4.10)

=1

-

Y = 1 / 2; (4.11)

- ()

Y = (a + b) / ; (4.12)

Y=A/(d+c); (4.13)

Y= a b/c; (4.14)

Y= (a+b) c. (4.15)

̳ , . . - .

, ( ).

:

o , ;

o ( , , );

o ;

o , .

. 4.3

4.3

,
       
-
, 1 1 -
, 2 2 1
, 3 3 2
, 3

: , , , , ,

1, 2, 3 , 4 ( ).

 

=

=

=

=

=

=

+ ∆ = ∆

:

, ∆, ∆ -

:

 

=

= ( )

= ( - )

= ( )

= ( - )

:

-

 

( )

Υ = C.

³ :

∆% = (( ) / ) 100; ∆% = (( ) / ) 100;

∆% = (( ) / ) 100

:

Y = Y ∆% / 100; Y = (Y + ∆Y) ∆% / 100

Y = (Y + ∆Y + ∆Y) ∆% / 100

:

Y

, , ()

.

 

. :

= + +

=[ ∆ / (∆ + ∆ + ∆) ] ∆

=[ ∆ / (∆ + ∆ + ∆) ∆

= [ ∆ / (∆ + ∆ + ∆) ] ∆

, ,

∆, ∆, ∆

 

- , .

, .

. : , , , , .

, () ( ) .

( ):

Jm = Σq1 p1 / Σq0 p0 = Iq Ip. (4.16)

() :

Δ Jm = Σq1 p1 - Σq0 p0 . (4.17)

Jm :

) : q = Σq1 p0 / Σq0 p0

) : p = Σq1 p1 / Σq1 p0

:

q , p , Iq ᒺ, Ip , 1 - , 0 .

, , . . , .

" "

, , . , , . , , . , .

:

= 1 2; (4.18)

∆ = - = 1 2 - 1 2 = (1 + ∆1) (2 + ∆ 2) 12 =

= 12 + 12 +∆12 + ∆12 - ∆2 = 12 + ∆1 2 +∆12. (4.19)

12 22 1. - 21 2 1.

12 䳿 . , , . (∆ 12 ), , , " " [6]. " " , .

, " " , 䳿 . , , , " " , ; .

" " . , " ", .

. 4.4.

4.4

+ + + +
+ - + -
³ + - -
+ - +

 

, , " ".

, ' , , . , , ∆ = 0, . [6].

∆ , :

= 1 2 3 ..... ; (4.20)

:

= 1 2 3..... . (4.21)

ϳ

lg = lg 1 lg 2 lg 3..... lg . (4.22)

lg ∆ :

= ∆ (lg 1/ lg ) +∆ (lg 2/ lg )+....+ ∆ (lg / lg ). (4.23)

:

= ∆ . (4.24)

∆ - . . , . . ∆ . , - , : .

, , . , , .

, -

= / Σ ճ. (4.25)

 

, , ( ).

:

:

1) : =

D =D0+ ½ DD

D =D0+ ½ DD

2) : = Z

D = ½ D (0z1+ 1z0 ) + 1/3 D DDz

D = ½ D (0z1+ 1z0 ) +1/3 DDDz

D z = ½ D z (0 1+ 10 ) +1/3 DDDz

3) : =ZG

D = 1/6 D (30 z0 g0 + 1 g0 (z1+Dz) + g1 z0 (1 +D) + z1 0(g 1 +D g)) +

+ ¼ DDDzD g

D = 1/6 D (30 z0 g0 + 1 g0 (z1 +Dz) + g1 z0(1+D) + z1 0(g 1 +D g)) +

+ ¼ DDDzD g

D z = 1/6D z (30 0 g0 + 0 g 1 (1 +D) + 1 g 0(1 +D) + z1 0(g 1 +D g))+

+ ¼ DDDzD g

D g = 1/6D g (30 0z 0 + 0 z 1 (1 +D) + 1 z 0(1 +D) + 1 0(z 1 +Dz)) +

+ ¼ DDDzD g

:

= /

D = D / D ln | 1 / 0 |

D = D - D

: = / ( +Z)

D =D / (D + Dz) ln | 1 + z1 / 0 + z0 |

D = (D - D ) / (D +Dz) D

D z = (D - D ) / (D +Dz) D z

- .

( , , .., ..[2 ]).

, , .

 





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