(), , .
, . 4.5.
. 4.5. 2010-2012.
(. 4.6).
(), ( ). (. 4.7).
, , , . , , , . , .
. 4.6. 2011-2012.
. 4.7. 2012.
. , () , .
. , ( ) . , - . , - 䳿, ( , )
.
:
=
=
∆Υ = ∆Υ- ∆Υ - ∆Υ (4.8)
∆ Υ
∆Υ, ∆Υ, ∆Υ , ,
- . . , , .
|
|
:
-
Y = ∑ xi ═ x 1+ x 2++ xn; (4.9)
-
n
Y = Π xi = 1 2 ..... n; (4.10)
=1
-
Y = 1 / 2; (4.11)
- ()
Y = (a + b) / ; (4.12)
Y=A/(d+c); (4.13)
Y= a b/c; (4.14)
Y= (a+b) c. (4.15)
̳ , . . - .
, ( ).
:
o , ;
o ( , , );
o ;
o , .
. 4.3
4.3
, | ||||||
- | ||||||
, | 1 | 1 - | ||||
, | 2 | 2 1 | ||||
, | 3 | 3 2 | ||||
, | 3 |
: , , , , ,
1, 2, 3 , 4 ( ).
=
=
=
=
∆ =
∆ =
∆ + ∆ = ∆
:
∆, ∆, ∆ -
:
=
∆ = ( )
∆ = ( - )
∆ = ( )
∆ = ( - )
:
-
( )
Υ = C.
³ :
∆% = (( ) / ) 100; ∆% = (( ) / ) 100;
∆% = (( ) / ) 100
|
|
:
Y = Y ∆% / 100; Y = (Y + ∆Y) ∆% / 100
Y = (Y + ∆Y + ∆Y) ∆% / 100
:
Y
, , ()
.
. :
= + +
∆ =[ ∆ / (∆ + ∆ + ∆) ] ∆
∆ =[ ∆ / (∆ + ∆ + ∆) ∆
∆ = [ ∆ / (∆ + ∆ + ∆) ] ∆
, ,
∆
∆, ∆, ∆
- , .
, .
. : , , , , .
, () ( ) .
( ):
Jm = Σq1 p1 / Σq0 p0 = Iq Ip. (4.16)
() :
Δ Jm = Σq1 p1 - Σq0 p0 . (4.17)
Jm :
) : q = Σq1 p0 / Σq0 p0
) : p = Σq1 p1 / Σq1 p0
:
q , p , Iq ᒺ, Ip , 1 - , 0 .
, , . . , .
" "
, , . , , . , , . , .
:
= 1 2; (4.18)
∆ = - = 1 2 - 1 2 = (1 + ∆1) (2 + ∆ 2) 12 =
= 12 + 1∆2 +∆12 + ∆1 ∆ 2 - ∆2 = 1∆ 2 + ∆1 2 +∆1∆2. (4.19)
1∆ 2 2 ∆2 1. - 2 ∆ 1 2 㳺 1.
|
|
∆ 1∆2 䳿 . , , . (∆ 1∆ 2 ), , , " " [6]. " " , .
, " " , 䳿 . , , , " " , ; .
" " . , " ", .
. 4.4.
4.4
+ | + | + | + | |
+ | - | + | - | |
³ | + | - | - | |
+ | - | + |
, , " ".
, ' , , . , , ∆ = 0, . [6].
∆ , :
= 1 2 3 ..... ; (4.20)
:
= 1 2 3..... . (4.21)
ϳ
lg = lg 1 lg 2 lg 3..... lg . (4.22)
lg ∆ :
∆ = ∆ (lg 1/ lg ) +∆ (lg 2/ lg )+....+ ∆ (lg / lg ). (4.23)
:
∆ = ∆ . (4.24)
∆ - . . , . . ∆ . , - , : .
, , . , , .
|
|
, -
= / Σ ճ. (4.25)
, , ( ).
:
:
1) : =
D =D0+ ½ DD
D =D0+ ½ DD
2) : = Z
D = ½ D (0z1+ 1z0 ) + 1/3 D DDz
D = ½ D (0z1+ 1z0 ) +1/3 DDDz
D z = ½ D z (0 1+ 10 ) +1/3 DDDz
3) : =ZG
D = 1/6 D (30 z0 g0 + 1 g0 (z1+Dz) + g1 z0 (1 +D) + z1 0(g 1 +D g)) +
+ ¼ DDDzD g
D = 1/6 D (30 z0 g0 + 1 g0 (z1 +Dz) + g1 z0(1+D) + z1 0(g 1 +D g)) +
+ ¼ DDDzD g
D z = 1/6D z (30 0 g0 + 0 g 1 (1 +D) + 1 g 0(1 +D) + z1 0(g 1 +D g))+
+ ¼ DDDzD g
D g = 1/6D g (30 0z 0 + 0 z 1 (1 +D) + 1 z 0(1 +D) + 1 0(z 1 +Dz)) +
+ ¼ DDDzD g
:
= /
D = D / D ln | 1 / 0 |
D = D - D
: = / ( +Z)
D =D / (D + Dz) ln | 1 + z1 / 0 + z0 |
D = (D - D ) / (D +Dz) D
D z = (D - D ) / (D +Dz) D z
- .
( , , .., ..[2 ]).
, , .