1. , , . : 1) AlCl3; 2) H3PO4; 3) Pb(OH)2; 4) CH3COONH4.
. , - , , AlCl3. , . . :
1) AlCl3 = Al3+ + 3Cl-.
CH3COONH4 ,
4) CH3COONH4 <=> NH4+ + CH3COO.
, .
H3PO4 (2) Pb(OH)2 , , , . . , :
2) I- 34 <=> + + 24; kd1 = [Cμ(H+)Cμ(H2PO4)]/Cμ(H3PO4);
II - 24<=> + + 42; kd2 = [Cμ(H+)Cμ(HPO42)]/Cμ(H2PO4);
I II- 42 <=> + + 43; kd3 = [Cμ(H+)Cμ(PO43)]/ Cμ (HPO42);
- 34 <=> 3+ + 43; kd = [Cμ3(H+)Cμ(PO43)]/Cμ(H3PO4);
kd = kd1kd2kd3.
3) I- Pb(OH)2 <=> PbOH+ + OH; kd1 = [Cμ(OH)Cμ(PbOH+)]/Cμ[Pb(OH)2];
II- PbOH+ <=> Pb2+ + OH; kd2 = [Cμ(OH)Cμ(Pb2+)]/Cμ(PbOH+);
- Pb(OH)2 <=> Pb2+ + 2OH; kd = [Cμ2(OH-)Cμ(Pb2+)]/Cμ[Pb(OH)2];
kd = kd1kd2.
2. :
) (2) (SnOH)NO3; ) UO2(NO3)2; ) (NH4)2S2O3; ) (2+) Hg2(HSO4)2, ) (3) - KCr(H2PO4)4; ) (3) - Ga2(SO4)2SeO4; ) (2) K4[Fe(SCN)6].
. . , : ) (SnOH)NO3 = SnOH+ + NO3-, SnOH+ <=> Sn2+ + OH-;
) UO2(NO3)2 = UO22+ + 2NO3-;
) (NH4)2S2O3 = 2NH4+ + S2O32-; S2O32- <=> SO32- + S2-;
) Hg2(HSO4)2 = Hg22+ + 2HSO4-; HSO4- <=> H+ + SO42-;
) KCr(H2PO4)4 = K+ + Cr3+ + 4H2PO4-; H2PO4- <=> H+ + HPO42-;
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HPO42- <=> H+ + PO43-;
) Ga2(SO4)2SeO4 = 2Ga3+ + 2SO42- + SeO42-;
) K4[Fe(SCN)6] = 4K+ + [Fe(SCN)6]4-;
[Fe(SCN)6]4- <=> [Fe(SCN)5]3- + SCN-;
[Fe(SCN)5]3- <=> [Fe(SCN)4]2- + SCN-;
[Fe(SCN)4]2- <=> [Fe(SCN)3]- + SCN-;
[Fe(SCN)3]- <=> [Fe(SCN)2]0 + SCN-.
Fe(SCN)2= Fe2+ + 2SCN-.
3. - : ) (3) ; ) (2) ; ) .
. , . - , , . , , .
) Cr(OH)3 H2SO4 ( )
I- r(OH)3 ↓ + 3H2SO4() <=> Cr(HSO4)3 + 3H2O ,
Cr(OH)3 + 3H+ + 3SO4 <=> Cr3+ + 3HSO4 + 3H2O - ;
Cr(OH)3 + 3H+<=> Cr3+ +3H2O - .
II- 2r(OH)3 ↓ + 3H2SO4() <=> r2(SO4)3 + 6H2O ,
2Cr(OH)3 + 3H+ + 3SO4- <=> 2Cr3+ + 3SO42- + 6H2O - .
III- 2Cr(OH)3()↓ + H2SO4 <=> [Cr(H)2]2SO4+ 2H2O ,
2r(OH)3 + H+ + HSO4 <=> 2Cr(OH)2+ + SO42- + 2H2 - ;
IV- Cr(OH)3()↓ + H2SO4 <=> [Cr(OH)]SO4 + 2H2O ,
r(OH)3 + H+ + HSO4 <=>[Cr(OH)]2+ + SO42- + 2H2O - .
) SnCl2 + Sr(OH)2 = Sn(OH)2↓ + SrCl2 ,
Sn2+ + 2Cl- + Sr2+ + 2OH- = Sn(OH)2↓ + Sr2+ + 2Cl- - ,
Sn2+ + 2OH- = Sn(OH)2↓ - ;
) Na2CO3 + 2HPO3 = 2NaPO3 + CO2↑ + H2O ,
2Na+ + CO32- + 2HPO3 = 2Na+ + 2PO3- + CO2↑ + H2O - ,
CO32-+ 2H3 = CO2↑ + 2PO3- + H2O - .
4. , : ) Ca(OH)2 + NaOH; ) Fe(OH)3 + NaOH; ) Cu(OH)2 + NH4OH. - .
: ) - , , ()2 Na(OH) ;
) (3) , (3)
Fe(OH)3 + 3NaOH <=> Na3[Fe(OH)6] ,
Fe(OH)3 + 3OH <=> [Fe(OH)6]3 - . , , Fe(OH)3 NaOH;
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) (2) , Cu(OH)2
Cu(OH)2 + 4NH4OH <=> [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 + 4H2O ,
Cu(OH)2 + 4NH4OH <=> [Cu(NH3)4]2+ + 2OH + 4H2O - . , , Cu(OH)2 NH4OH.
: ) , ) , ) .
5. - : ) Cu(OH)2↓ + 2H+ <=> Cu2+ + 2H2O; ) Al(OH)3↓ + 3OH <=> [Al(OH)6]3;
) C3 + H+ <=> C3; ) S2 + 2H+ = H2S↑; ) Cd2+ + CO32 = CdCO3↓.
. 3. - , + , - . , , :
) Cu(OH)2↓ + 2HNO3() <=> Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O,
Cu(OH)2↓ + 2HCl <=> CuCl2 + 2H2O;
) Al(OH)3↓ + 3KOH <=> K3[Al(OH)6],
2Al(OH)3↓ + 3Ba(OH)2 <=> Ba3[Al(OH)6]2;
) C3Na + HBr <=> C3 + NaBr,
(C3)2Fe + H2SO4 <=> 2C3 + FeSO4;
) Na2S+ 2HI = H2S↑ + 2NaI,
SrS+ 2HClO4 = H2S↑ + SrClO4;
) Cd(NO3)2 + K2CO3 = CdCO3↓ + 2KNO3,
CdCl2 + Rb2CO3 = CdCO3↓ + 2RbCl.
