1. , 4,9210-3 /.
. + - :
KW = [+]∙[] =1,110-14, [+] = μ(+), [] = μ().
, μ(+) = kW/μ() = 1,110-14 / 4,9210-3 = 2,2410-10 (/).
10 + . ,
= - ℓgCμ(H+) = - ℓg(2,2410-10) = 10 - ℓg(2,24) = 10 0,35 = 9,65.
: = 9,65.
2. 0,1 33, 5,8310-10.
. :
33 <=> + + 23.
. kd = (α2Cμ)/(1-α). ( kd), , α 1 (α << 1): kd = α2Cμ.
:
α = √kd/Cμ = √(5,8310-10)/0,1 = 7,6310-5.
:
Cμ(H+) = αCμ = (7,6310-5)0,1 = 7,6310-6;
= - ℓgCμ(H+) = - ℓg(7,6310-6) = 6 - ℓg(7,63) = 6 0,88 = 5,12.
: = 5,12.
3. , 0,205 HCl 1000 .
: : = -ℓg(+). , : HCl = H+ + Cl;(+) = f(+)m(+).
+ :
Cm(H+) = Cm(HCl) = n(HCl)/(m(H2O)10-3) = 0,205/(100010-3) = 0,205 /.
f(+) , , Cm(H+) = Cm(Cl):
I = ½(m(H+)(+1)2 + Cm(Cl)(-1)2) = ½(0,205 + 0,205) = 0,205 /.
, I = 0,205 / , +, 0,83.
:
(+) = (0,83)(0,205) = 0,170 /; = -ℓg(0,17) = 0,77.
: = 0,77.
4. + 293 , = 4,6.
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. . , = 4,6, -ℓg(+) = 4,6. (+) = 10-4,6 = 2,510-5 /.
: = kW = 14 4,6 = 9,4.
() = 10-9,4 = 4,010-10 /.
: (+) = 2,510-5 /; () = 4,010-10 /.
5. 500 0,025 0,03 . . , , 10 .
. , , :
Na2SO4 = 2Na+ + SO42; NaOH = Na+ + OH.
. , : = kW ; = -ℓg() = -ℓg[f()m(OH)].
:
Cm(OH) = Cm(NaOH) = n(NaOH)/(m(H2O)10-3).
Cm(OH) = 0,03/(50010-3) = 0,06 /.
f() c :
I = ½[Cm1(Na+)(+1)2 + Cm(SO42)(-2)2 + Cm2(Na+)(+1)2 + Cm(OH)(-1)2];
I = ½[2Cm(Na2SO4) + Cm(Na2SO4)4 + Cm(NaOH) + Cm(NaOH)] = ½[6Cm(Na2SO4) + 2Cm(NaOH)] = 3Cm(Na2SO4) + Cm(NaOH).
:
I = [(30,025)/(50010-3)] + [0,03/(50010-3)] = 0,15 + 0,06 = 0,21 /.
( ) ( ), 0,83. :
= -ℓg(0,830,06) = 1,3. = 14 1,3 = 12,7.
10 2 500 5000 , , 10 . Cm(OH) = 0,006 /; I = 0,021 /. , 0,91 (. ). ,
= -ℓg(0,910,006) = 2,26. = 14 2,26 = 11,74.
: = 12,7; 10 + = 11,74.
6. Ca3(PO4)2 250C 1,010-25. 2+ 43 .
. , :
3(4)2 <=> 32+ + 243.
, :
∏3(4)2 = μ(2+)3μ(43)2.
( ) : x / . , , 3 x / 2+ 2 x / - 43. x:
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∏3(4)2 = (3 x)3(2 x)2 = 1,010-25; 108 x 5 = 1,010-25; x 5 =9,2610-28; x = 0,3910-5.
c :
μ(2+) = 3(0,3910-5) = 1,1810-5 /; μ(43) = 2(0,3910-5) = 0,7810-5 /.
: μ(2+) = 1,1810-5 /; μ(43) = 0,7810-5 /.
7. AgIO3 3 0,176 . .
. .
, :
AgIO3 <=> Ag+ + IO3; ∏AgIO3 = Cμ(Ag+)Cμ(IO3).
3 0,176 ,
μ(Ag+) = m(Ag+)/[M(Ag+)V(-)]; μ(Ag+) = 0,176/(1083) = 5,4310-4 (/).
, , , , ,
Cμ(IO3) = μ(Ag+) = 5,4310-4 /.
:
∏AgIO3 = (5,4310-4)(5,4310-4) = 1,0910-7.
: ∏AgIO3 = 1,0910-7.
8. (/) 298 , .
. :
∏Ag2S = 1,6010-49; ∏PCdS = 1,2010-28; ∏PCuS = 4,0010-38; ∏Cu2S = 2,6010-49; ∏PCoS = 3,1010-23; ∏PFeS = 3,7010-19; ∏PFe2S3 = 1,0010-88; ∏PMgS = 2,0010-15; ∏PMnS = 1,4010-15;
∏PSb2S3 = 3,0010-27; ∏PSnS = 1,0010-28; ∏PNiS = 1,1010-27; ∏PPbS = 6,8010-29; ∏PZnS = 7,4010-27; ∏PHg2S = 1,0010-45; ∏PHgS = 4,0010-53.
:
s = n+m√∏AnBm/(nmmn).
(/):
1) s(Ag2S) = 3√∏Ag2S/2112 = 3√(1,6010-49)/2 = 0,4310-16; : s(Cu2S) = 3√(2,6010-49)/2 = 0,5110-16; s(Hg2S) = 3√(1,0010-45)/2 = 0,7910-15;
2) s(CdS) = √∏PCdS = √1,2010-28 = 1,1010-14; : s(CuS) = √4,0010-38 = 2,0010-14; s(CoS) = √3,1010-23 = 0,5610-11; s(FeS) = √3,7010-19 = 0,6110-9; s(MgS) = √2,0010-15 = 0,4510-7; s(MnS) = √1,4010-15 = 0,3710-7; s(SnS) = √1,0010-28 = 1,0010-14; s(NiS) = √1,1010-27 = 0,3310-13; s(PbS) = √6,8010-29 = 0,8210-14; s(ZnS) = √7,4010-27 = 0,8610-13; s(HgS) = √4,0010-53 = 2,0010-26;
3) s(Fe2S3) = 5√∏PFe2S3 /(2332) = 5√(1,0010-88)/72 = 1,0710-18. Sb2S3 : s(Sb2S3) = 5√(3,0010-27)/72 = 2,1110-6.
. , : HgS < Fe2S3 < Ag2S < Cu2S < Hg2S < SnS < CdS < CuS < NiS < PbS < ZnS < CoS < FeS < MnS < MgS < Sb2S3.
9. , 300 0,001 Sr(NO3)2 600 0,0001 Na2SO4.
. , , Sr2+ SO42- ∏ SrSO4: ∏SrSO4 =3,2010-7 (. ). .
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, 900 . , , , . :
μ(Sr2+) = μ2[Sr(NO3)2] = μ1(Sr(NO3)2(V1/V2) = (0,0010,3)/0,9 = 3,3310-4 (/);
μ(SO42) = Cμ2(Na2SO4) = μ1(Na2SO4)(V1/V2) = (0,00010,6)/0,9 = 0,6710-4 (/).
:
μ(Sr2+)μ(SO42) = (3,3310-4)(0,6710-4) = 2,2310-8, SrSO4. , .
: SrSO4 - .
10. 3 0,005 CaCl2 293 .
. (/) . ∏3 = 4,8010-9 (. ) μ(2+) = μ(32), s1(CaCO3) = μ(2+) = √∏3 = √4,8010-9 = 6,9310-5 (/).
, 1 0,005 Cl2 CaCl2 = Ca2+ + 2Cl,
3 <=> 2+ + 32
( -), 32. 3 32 :
s2(CaCO3) = Cμ(CO32) = ∏3 /μ(2+).
s2(CaCO3) = 4,8010-9/0,005 = 0,9610-6 (/). , , , 72 :
s1/s2 = 6,9310-5/0,9610-6 = 72.
: 3 CaCl2 72 , .