. , . , , . . , , , (6,0221023).
- (n), (, , .), (6,02-1023). . : n (NaOH) = 2 - , 26,021023 NaOH; n (2+) = 0,5 - , 0,56,021023 2+.
. , .
m = ν M
( ) ( ), , .
, .
A B
νAA + νBB → ,
νA M (A) νB M (B), M (A) M (B) A B, νA νB .
A + (νB/νA)B → ,
νA>νB, , A νB/νA B.
νB/νA f B
f (B) = νB/νA..
, .
νB/νAB f (B)B B.
. - .
- , . .
, , - - - .
"" , .
(, , ..), (,1/2 ) .
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. ,
NaOH + 1/2 H2SO4 → 1/2 Na2SO4 + H2O
f (NaOH)=1; f (H2SO4)=1/2
( )
f (H2SO4) H2SO4 = 1/2 H2SO4
H3PO4 + KOH → KH2PO4 + H2O
f (H3PO4)=1; f (H3PO4) H3PO4 = H3PO4,
H3PO4 + 3 KOH → K3PO4 + 3H2O
f (H3PO4)=1/3; f (H3PO4) H3PO4 = 1/3 H3PO4.
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e → Mn2+ + 4 H2O
f (KMnO4)=1/5; f (KMnO4) KMnO4 = 1/5 KMnO4,
MnO4- + 4H+ + 3e → MnO2 + 2H2O
f (KMnO4)=1/3; f (KMnO4) KMnO4 = 1/3 KMnO4.
, , . ,
, , X - -.
(M ) X , X. " ".
- , . 22,4 .
- , . 1 2 . (1 /) - 22,4/2 = 11,2 . 1 4 . (8/) 22,4/4 = 5,6 .
. . , . , (/).
/ , , 1 / 1 . , , , . , / , /; / , /; / , /.
( ). , , .
, . , , . , .
ν = CV
, .
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C 1 V 1 = C 2 V 2
C 1 C 2 ; V 1 V 2 .
, , .
:
:
, . , ( 20 ), , , / (/3).
, . (, ), 20 , , 4 ( 20 ). , , .. . 4 1,00000 /, , 4 . .. .
() N , 1 .
CM , 1000 .
ω , .
, 1 3 () .
1. , - , - 8 NaOH 10 H2S4.
.
: m1 /1 = m2 /2 : m (NaOH)/(NaOH) = m (H2SO4)/(H2SO4).
(NaOH) = 40;
(H2SO4) = 49, : 8/40 < 10/49.
,
m (NaOH) / (NaOH) = n (NaOH); m (H2SO4)/ (H2SO4)= n (H2SO4),
: , :
n (NaOH) < n (H2SO4).
2. H2SO4, 5 1 / 1 .
:
C 1 V 1 = C 2 V 2
:
, , .
3. 15%- H2SO4 (ρ = 1,10 /).
:
:
4. : ) ω; ) C; ) CM; ) N 34, 18 282 3 , 1,031 / 3. ?
.1) = 282 1 = 282 / 3; 2) = 18 + 282 = 300 ; 3) = 300: 1,031=291 3; 4) = (18/98): 0,291 =0,63 /; 6) = [(18/98):282]1000 = 0,65 / 1000 2; 7) N =[(18/98:3)]: 0,291=1,89 /; 8) = 18/291 = 0,06 / 3.
111. 1 , NH4OH, Na2O, 1()3, A12(SO4)3, 2, FeCl3, 2O?
112. FeCl3 3 / (3 )?
113. 2,8 ( ). 2O5 ?
114. 0,635 0,4135 . .
115. H2SO4 24,2 - 0,1 /. , H2SO4 ?
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116. () 30%- 1 = 1,15/. 100 1 / (1 )?
117. 1 2, 25, Na2C3, , ()2, 3(4)2?
118. 1,5 NiSO4?
119. , 5,6 (..)?
120. NaOH 4 Zn(OH)2?
121. 0,5 / (0,5 ) , 6,5 H2SO4?
122. 70%- 1O4 = 1,7 /. 200 4 / (4 )?
123. 1 N2, H2S, O2, O3, r2O3, 3O4?
124. 3O4 1,5 / ( 1,5 )?
125. 2,25 1400 (..). .
126. , 1 l . : , ?
127. , ()2 100 H2SO4 1 / (1 ).
128. () 13,5%- 1 = 1,065 /. 250 0,5 / (0,5 )?
129. 3,04 5,04 . , , , .
130. 1 0,4 / (0,4 ) AgNO3 0,2867 AgCl?
131. , N, C, C
ω, % | ρ, / 3 | ||
131 | KOH | 1,27 | |
131 | H2SO4 | 1,04 | |
131 | HNO3 | 1,316 | |
131 | NaOH | 1,109 | |
131 | A113 | 1,09 | |
131 | BaCl2 | 1,203 | |
131 | CuSO4 | 1,107 | |
131 | HCl | 1,100 | |
131 | KOH | 1,092 | |
131 | H2SO4 | 1,105 | |
131 | H3PO4 | 1,254 | |
131 | HgCl2 | 1,041 | |
131 | AgNO3 | 1,194 | |
131 | HClO4 | 1,128 |
132. , , V V ?
V, | |||||
ρ, / | ρ, / | ||||
133 | 1,0051 | 1% H2SO4 | 1,0385 | 6 % H2SO4 | |
133 | 1,0051 | 0, 1 H2SO4 | 1,0385 | 6 % H2SO4 | |
133 | 1,0051 | 0, 1 H2SO4 | 1,0250 | 4% H2SO4 | |
133 | 1,0032 | 0, 1 N HCl | 1,0132 | 3% HCl | |
133 | 1,0032 | 1% HCl | 1,0230 | 5% HCl | |
133 | 1,0032 | 0, 4 N HCl | 1,0230 | 5% HCl |