.
: , .
: (), (), ().
1.
: 2+, Ge2+, Fe2+, Zn2+.
.
1. .
2. , .
3. , , .
: F−, Cl−, Br−, J−. |
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, . , .
.
1. 8 .
2. . (18 + ).
2. : a) AgCl (), AgJ (); ) bCl2 (), PbS ().
.
. - Ag+, . (, , ).
- | ||||||
- | ||||||
b12 PbS | -1 -2 | 8 8 |
( ) , . − , AgJ, .
, , , - : , , , . |
. CI−, S2− S2−, 12 PbS PbS. , ( Cd2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Pb2+, Sn2+, Jn3+, Bi3+) , ( − O2−).
3. .
.
- III .. : ; (, , , ); n+ 2−, , :
) Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ Z R 8 ē + n+ − 2− |
NaOH | Mg(OH)2 | 1()3 ( ) | ||
) Si4+ P5+ S6+ Cl7+ Z R - 8 + n+ − 2− | ||||
H2SiO3 | 34 | H2SO4 | HClO4 | |
. n+ − 2− - : . - II A - ( ) VI A - ( ) :
Z | R | P n+1 | |||||
n+−2− | |||||||
Mg2+ | +2 | 8ē | Mg(OH)2 | ||||
2+ | +2 | 8ē | - | ()2 | |||
Sr2+ | +2 | 8ē | Sr(OH)2 | ||||
Ba2+ | +2 | 8ē | ()2 |
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. n+ − 2− - - .
() "" (), "", . ( ) , () . g .
2 | s + p | sp | ||
3 | s + 2 | sp 2 | ||
4 | s + 3 p | sp 3 |
4. 2, 1, , 113, CS2.
.
:
1. ( ) () , , .
2. Δ :
) ͗, їS Δ = 0, , -
) ʗ1, 11, Δ > , 1, , - . , 13+, , 2−, , 113 - - .
. ( ) . , ( ), .
5. H2Se, 12.
.
:
1. , .
2. .
3. , .. .
H2Se , : - 1 s 1, Se - 4s24p4.
Se :
Se H2Se , , , - 4 -.
p - ( ) 90. , s - - :
90, .
, 3 -, 90 , , 3:
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. - 90. , - 10428/ 90 -, ; .
. , (, ).
- : |
12: , : CI - 3s23p5; Be - 2s2.
2- 12:
s - -. , , , , . s - - - g2. sp -.
Be:
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. , g - 180. , - , g - , . :
, sp2 sp 3- g3- g 4-, , c 120, - 10928/ ( ).
. (, , ..).
: ( μ 0), ( μ > 0). μ μ . - (μ ) μ . , , : ) (.. Δ ); ) . : μ , (μ ); | μ , . , μ μ , .. .
, μ 0, .. .
H2Se. :
1. H-Se-H Se. Δ = (ESe-EH) > 0, .
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2. H2Se. : H2Se - , .. .
3. μ μ :
H2Se 0, , .
12. :
1. 1--1 . Δ = ( - ) > 0, .
2. 12. : ().
3. μ :
CI Be l |
, , 0, .. 0, .
. ; , , , . , . , , , . , 0. , , . , , . :
σ1s <σ*1s < σ2s < σ*2 s < σ2 < π 2 = π 2 p z < π *2 = π *2 z < π *2 .
( ) II (. 1):
, 2, 2 N2 2 - π 2 - π 2 p z -, , , π 2 - π 2 p z- σ2 -. .
, . 0 ( ), .
, , , . s-, p-, d-, f- σ, π, δ, φ. , :
O2 [KK (σs 2s)2 (σs 2s)2 (πy 2 )2(πy 2 )2(σx2 )2 πy 2 1 πz 2 z1].
, 1s - ( ) .
46. ? ? () ?
47. ? ? , , : 1, JC1, BrF - .
48. -? : NH5+ BF5+? .
49. 12 4?
50. σ- π-? .
51. ? . , ?
52. . ? , ?
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53. ? ? ? . .
54. , ? ?
55.
55 | HI, Na2 | 55 | HBr, KH |
55 | KH, Cl2 | 55 | Br2, Li2 |
56. .
56 | HNO3, H3PO4, CaSO4 | 56 | Cu(HCO3)2, O3, ZnOHNO3 |
56 | C6H6, AlOHSO4, H2CO3 | 56 | O2, NaNO3, Ca(HCO3)2 |
56 | Fe2(SO4)3, NO, Na2CO3 | 56 | NO2, HNO2, H2SO3 |
57. , , . . .
57 | 2 | ns 2 |
57 | 3 | ns 2 np 1 |
57 | 4 | ns 2 np 2 |
58. ; .
58 | 12, 13 | |
58 | C2H2, SiH4 | C Si |
58 | C2H4, CaH2 | C Ca |
58 | C2H6, 113 | C 1 |
59. .
59 | NH3, CH4, BH3, H2O | 59 | CH4, SnH4, SiH4, GeH4 |
59 | SiH4, H2S, PH3, HCl | 59 | HI, HBr, HF, HCl |
60. , . .
60 | O2, BeH2 | 60 | CO, N2 |
60 | O3, HF | 60 | CO2, H2O |
60 | B2, NH3 | 60 | C2, H2S |
61. , : ) , ) , ) , ) , ) .
61 | LiCl, NaCl, KCl | 61 | Ca3N2, Ca3P2, Ca3As2, |
61 | Ca12, Sr12, Ba12 | 61 | Ca3N2, Cr3N2, Ba3N2 |
62. ? .
62 | Li, Sc, I | 62 | Cs, La, Br |
62 | Ca, Si, S | 62 | Mo, Sn, Ba |
62 | Cd, Ge, Cl | 62 | Cr, Se, In |
62 | Ga, W, F | 62 | Sb, Zn, Be |
62 | Pb, S, Al | 62 | Hf, Re, Mg |
63. ?
63 | NaCl ― Mg12―113― Si14 |
63 | 13―113― Ga13 ―In13 |
63 | HF ― HCl ― HBr― HI |
63 | CH4― NH3 ―H2O ―HF |
63 | H2O― H2S ―H2Se ―H2Te |
63 | GeH4― AsH3 ― H2Se ― HBr |
63 | 12― Mg12― Ca12 ―Sr12 |
64. (). ?
65. . ? ?
66. . ? ?
67. . ? ?
68. : NaF, 12, AIF3, 12, .
69. 13 PCI5.
70. , , : Ni(OH)2, NiO, NiS.