- , .
, .
, , . , , , , , , .., - , , , . - .
, , :
- , , ;
- ;
- , , ( ) ( ). , , . , , .. , , , ..
() . . /.
298 , 1 ( ), ( ) . , ( 298 ) . , , , , 298 ( ), . , . , ( ())= -365,4 / , , , , , 1 298 3 .
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, = -365,4
( ())= -365,4 /.
, =0 /. , . ,
, =?,
, , , , , - ; , , , , , ,
H- , H(Bi), H(Aj) (Bj) (Ai) .
, S : []/ [ ]∙[]
. . () , .
, . . , , . , , , .
, , , , . .
,
ΔS - , ΔH , .
- () ΔG. ΔG .
.
H, U, T, S, p, V , , , , , . G - . , , , , , .
, ΔG<0, . , . ΔG>0, .
(ΔG) , . , . , . , 298, (1.0133 105), ( ) . .
|
|
.
,
, , , , .
, . , , , . , , :
1. , ,
2. < -40 , , . > 40 , .
1. ΔH0, ΔS0, ΔG0
2NO()+O3()+H2O()=2HNO3()
?
:
, | , | , | |
NO() O3() H2O() 2HNO3() | 89.86 142.3 -285.84 -173.23 | 210.2 237.6 69.94 155.61 | 90.37 163.43 -237.2 -79.92 |
=
=
= =
=
=
: = =
< 0. , .
< -40 . , .
2. (IV) ( (SO2 ()), ), 80 897,5 .
:
(VI)
S () + O2 () = SO2 ()
32 /. (SO2 ()) , 32 .
32 S () -----------
= -359
80 S () ----------- -897,5
, (SO2) = -359 /.
71. : Na2, Na22, Na2; , .
72. :
2Fe(K) + 123() = 21() + Fe23(K);
Fe23(K) + 21() = 2Fe(K) + 123();
3V25(K) + 101() = 6V(K) + 5123()?
73. 162 , , 9600C, = 10.475 .
74. (C6H5Br) 429.8 241.0 /. 3.75 .
75. NiF2(K), NiCl2(K), NiJ2(K) , .
76. (ΔG0 298)x.p. :
23() + 3Mg(K) = 3MgO(K) + 2();
2() + 2Mg(K) = 2MgO(K) + ().
77. (ΔG)X.P :
MgO(K) + 2() = Mg(OH)2 (K)
.
78. ΔG0f, 298, :
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2Ag(K)+Sn2+(p) = 2Ag+(p) + Sn(K).
79. -
Fe3C(K) + 2() = 3Fe(K) + () + 2().
80. , Zr(K) :
ZrJ4(K) + 2Mg(K) = 2MgJ2(K) + Zr(K).
81. :
21() + 62() = 21()3() + 32()?
.
82. (H2())?:
. CaO(); ZnO();
. SnO2(); NiO();
. Al2O3(); Cr2O3()
83. (ΔG0f,298) : CaF2, CaO, 2, Ca3N2.
84. , , Δ0, ΔS ΔG0 :
23() + 3() = 32() + 2();
3() + 3Mg(K) = 3MgO(K) + ().
85. 300 3.84 /. (/), 1083.
86. - :
3Fe(K) + 4C2() = Fe34(K) + 4().
87. (ΔG0f,298), , :
2H2S() + 2() = 22() + 2S(K);
2H2S() + 32() = 22() + 2S2().
88. (H2O2()) ?
89. (H2S) (IV)?
90. 123() + 32() = 21()3()?