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. 11. i


, :

[IT =0.09x ""7 (11-20)

=(-)/ (-21)

= ((7.36 -(0.296

)

--(2.55 ))

) 0.8 (11-22)

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= +

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("//2/) :

2.5 ,

6.5 ,

5.1 N75 ^ (0.3 125 - 1

5.25 - (0.75 111 - .

(11-24)

-39-(0.85)

')- (- )/ (11-25)

(11-26)

=

= / (11-27)

= ("), = , (/), = , (/), = ' , = , , , = (/).


- (NRC, 1996). , , ( 1.07, , 1.18. ). Fox and Tylutki (1998) .

, , 1 1-4.

11-4. ) '"

- 12"
- 23"
1.17 1,33
1,90 1.74 1.27 2,26
1,6 16

- 1.1 " (')

2.4

1,41 1,37 1,70 1,80

' , ().

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. , , , . . , . 20, . -12, 16 /, 3 , . , 1.17 - 1.1 , , . , , .


2



11 -5 8 (Fox and Tylutki, 1998). (20), , NRC (1989). 11-5 , - , , - IOro- . 1, , , 2. . 3 (10 ) . 4, 1. - 16 /. 11-4. (), , , , . , . 1- , .

11-5. 4-

.1 " - L
112 3 4 I 2 3 4

(..

0.94 0,88 0.60 0.53 0,68 0,88 0,88 0,78 0,88

, ,

. 20.3 21,1 28.5 28.5 25,9 20,7 20,7 22,4 20,7

, 603 588 560 501 574 580 580 561 580

' , NRC (1989). " , - . : 1 = , 2 = , 3 = 2 10 , 4 = 1 16 /.

' , - . '

REFHRENCES 11

Abdalla, . ., D. G. Fox, and M. L. Thonney. 1988. Compensatory gain by Holstein calves after underfeeding protein. J. Anim. Sci. 66:2687-2695.

Abeni, F., L. Calaman, L. Stefanini, and G. Pirlo. 2000. Effects 270


of daily gain in pre- and postpubertal replacement dairy heifers on body condi-tion score, body size, metabolic profile, and future milk production. J. Dairy Sci. 83:1468-1478.

Anrique, R. G., M. L. Thonney, and H. J. Ayala. 1990. Dietary energy losses of cattle influenced by body type, size, sex and intake. Anim. Prod. 50:467-474.

Berthard, G. L., R. E. James, and M. L. McGilliard. 1997. Effect of rumen-undegradable protein and energy on growth and feed efficiency of growing Holstein heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 80:2149-2155.

Cady, R. A., and T. R. Smith. 1996. Economics of heifer raising programs. Proc. Calves, Heifers and Dairy Profitability National Conference. Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering Sen ice Pub. No. 74 pp. 7-24. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. 1990. Feeding standards for Australian livestock: Ruminants. East Mel-bourne, Victoria, Australia:CSIRO Publications.

Ferguson, J. D., and K. A. Otto. 1989. Managing body condition in cows. Proc. Cornell Nutr. Conf. Feed Manuf. Conf. pp. 75-87.

Foldager, J., and K. Serjsen. 1987. Research in Cattle Production: Danish Status and Perspectives. Tryk Denmark: Landhusholdningsselskabets Forlag.

Fortfn, A., S. Simpfendorfer, J. T. Reid, H. J. Ayala, R. Anrique, and A. F. Kertz. 1980. Effect of level of energy intake and influence of breed and sex on the chemical composition of cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 51:604-614.

Fox, D. G., and J. R. Black. 1984. A system for predicting body composi-tion and performance of growing cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 58:725-739.

Fox, D. , J. Sniffen, J. D. O'Connor, J. B. Russell, and P. J. Van Soest 1992. A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets. III. Cattle requirements and diet adequacy. J. Anim. Sci. 70:3578-3596.

Fox, D. G. and T. P. Tylutki, 1998. Accounting for the effects of environ-ment on the nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 81:3085-3095.

Fox, D. G., M. E. Van Amburgh, and T. P. Tylutki. 1999. Predicting requirements for growth, maturity, and body reserves in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 82:1968-1977.

Garrett. W. N. 1980. Energy utilization by growing cattle as determined in 72 comparative slaughter experiments. Energy Metab. Proc. Symp. 26:3-7.

Garrett, W. N. 1987. Relationship between energy metabolism and the amounts of protein and fat deposited in growing cattle. Energy Metab. Proc. Symp. 32:98-101.


. 12.

12


, . , . , , , . , , , (Chandler, 1996).

, , (Clark and Overton, 1995). , , ; ) . , , , . , , . , , , .


, - , . (.) (Meyer and Mullinax, 1999; Meyer, 2000). , . , . , , , , , (Lanyon, 1994; Miner, 1997; Van Horn et al.1994). , . , . , , , , .

, , . , , (Tamminga, 1992; Chase, 1994; Van Horn et al..l994; Chandler, 1996; Johnson et al.,1996; Koelsch and Lesoing, 1999; Kuipersetal., 1999; Nelson, 1999). , . , .



.

, - , , (Tamminga, 1992; Van Hornet al., 1994). . , , , (Korevaar. 1992; Aartsetal.,1992; Klausner. 1993). (Klausner, 1993) , 62-87% , , . , 64 76 %, (Klausner, 1993). 85% (Korevaar, 1992). , , , ; , , , , , , (Klausner, 1993).

25-35% (Chase. 1994; Chandler, 1996) . Van Horn et al.,(1994) , . , , - , , (Pell, 1992; St-Pierre andThraen, 1999).

(Van Horn et al., 1994). , , , . , 40-50% , , , (Van Horn et al., 1 994).


. (NH.) , (NH4); NH3 . , NH, NH4 NH, . . 50-75% NH, (NO,~) (Van Horn et al.,(1994). NH, . , NH, . , N0," . , , , . , : ; , , , , , (Clark and Overtoil. 1995). , . , , , , , , , . , , , . (Oldham, 1984). , , , . , , . , , , , , . , , (). ,


274


. 12.


, (Chase, 1994). 5% , , 1% (Chase, 1994). , , , , , , .

, (Clark and Davis, 1983). , . , . , , . . , , . (Hoover and Stokes. 1991; Clark et al., 1992). . 10-13% , 56% , (Hoover and Stokes, 1991); , . , , , , (Clark et al.,1992). , , , - ; (Clark et al., 1992; Russel et al., 1992). , , , (Clark et al., 1992). , , , .


Schwab (1994) , , 5 15%, , , . , , - , (Clark et al.,1992). , , , ' , . - . . , (Chen et al.,1987), , , (Maeng and Baldwin, 1976a, b; Maeng et a 1.. 1476). , .

, , (Reeynolds et al.,1994). , (Reeynolds et al., 1994). , , , (Webb et al.,1992, 1993), , . , , .

, , , . , 1987 , , 55 /.



3- 17 (Korevaar den Boer. 1990). , , , , . , , , , , (Pierzynski et al., 1994). , , . (Sharpley et al., 1994). , , , . , . , , . , 64% , 70% 70% .

, . Morse et al.,(1992) , 0.30, 0.41 0.56%, 60, 82 112 , . NRC 1989 , 79, 108 147 % . , , 58-62 . , 60 / , , , 42.1 . , 82 / , 50.6 / 5 22 , . , 112 / , 79.9 . 82 / 112 / (30 ) 29.3 /. Wu et al., (1998) Sftter and Wu, (1999) , , , 0.35% . , , , NRC 1989 , 0.48% 0.41% .

276


. , , , 0.52% (Sansinena et al.,1999).

, , . , , ; , . , . , . , , .

EFERENCES 12

Aarts, . F. ., . . Biewinga, and H. Van Keulen. 1992. Dairy farming systems based on efficient nutrient management. Neth. J. Agric. Sci. 40:285-299.

Chandler, P. T. 1996. Environmental challenges as related to animal agriculturedairy, pp. 7-19 in Nutrient Management of Food Animals to Enhance and Protect the Environment. E. T. Korngay ed. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL.

Chase, L. E. 1994. Environmental considerations in developing dairy rations, pp. 56-62 in Proc. Cornell Nutr. Conf. Feed Manuf. Roches-ter, NY. Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.

Chen, G., J. B. Russell, and J. Sniffen. 1987. A procedure for measuring peptides in rumen fluid and evidence that peptide uptake can be a rate-limiting step in ruminal protein degradation. J. Dairy Sci. 70:1211-1219.

Clark, J. H., and L. Davis. 1983. Future improvement of milk produc-tion: Potential for nutritional improvement. J. Animal Sci. 57:750-764.

Clark, J. H., T. H. Klusmeyer, and M. R. Cameron. 1992. Microbial


. 13.

13


, , . . () , (). , , , , . ( , . ) , . , ( ) ( ), , (, , ). 10% (), - . , . , , 30% ( ) (Van Soest, 1983). , , , . , - , . (Aman and Hesselman, 1985). , (90 - 100%) . , , ( ) , (Allen and Knowlton, 1995). .


: . 1 -4, D-, D-, 20 25 (French. 1973). , (, , , ) (10-20%, ) (25-35% ). 40 90%, , .

, . , , . (Van Soest and Wine, 1967; Goering and Van Soest, 1970) . , . , . , - (Van Soest et al.,1991). () , , - , , . (Undersander et al., 1993). . , Teiuiode. (Hintz et al., 1996).



, - . - , , . () , ( ) . , Na. , , () . , - () . 1 5-1 .

, , , , , - . (Fry, 1988). - (). , (Licito et al., 1996). Richard (1977) . Krishnamoorthy el al.,(1982) , 30% ( ). , - (), 8 12% . , , . ( ) , 40% (Weiss et al., 1989). , (Dong and Rasco, 1987). Lieitra et al., 1 996.





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