.
- , ( ) 1 + ( 1 -). ,
H3PO4 + 2NaOH = Na2HPO4 + 2H2O
f (H3PO4) = , 1 H3PO4 2 +, , H3PO4 1 +.
- , ( ) 1 . ,
f (I2) = , f (I-) = 1, 1 I2 2 , I- 1 .
, ( ) 1 . ,
f (Ba2+) = , 1 Ba2+ 2 , , Ba2+ 1 .
1. (, III, ) +2, +3, +4 ó , 1: 1 2 +:
Me2+ + H2Y2- = MeY2- + 2+,
Me3+ + H2Y2- = MeY- + 2+,
Me4+ + H2Y2- = MeY + 2+.
2. ( , .), , . , :
K2Cr2O7 + 2BaCl2 + H2O = 2BaCrO4¯ + 2KCl + 2HCl.
f (Ba2+) = , 1 Ba2+ 2 .
K2Cr2O7 , , . :
1 K2Cr2O7 K2Cr2O7 | 2 BaCl2. BaCl2. |
, = . , f (K2Cr2O7) = .
3 : , .
() (R) :
+ R = .
,
.
( ) () , (R 1) . R 1 (R 2):
+ R 1 = 1 ( ),
R 1 + R 2 = 2 ().
,
|
|
n ( R 2) = n ( R 1 ),
n ( X) = n ( R 1 ) n ( R 1 ) = n ( R 1 ) n ( R 2).
( ) () () . 1 () R:
+ = 1 ( ),
1 + R = 2 ().
,
n ( R) = n ( 1) n ( 1) = n ( ) Þ n ( X) = n ( R).